3 3 iminodipropionitrile idpn

3,3-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN, batch no. 317306) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (United States). Haloperidol was obtained from Shanghai Xinyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (lot no. H31021234, Shanghai, China) and was used as the positive control drug. ELISA kits were purchased from Shanghai Jining Industrial Co., Ltd. (code no. A05102 for DA; code no. N03931 for GABA; and code no. A06258 for Glu, Shanghai, China). The primary antibodies were GABA-AR alpha 4 (code no. NBP2-59326), dopamine D1R/DRD1 (SG2-D1a, code no. NB110-6007), D2DR (B10, code no. sc-5303), and DAT (code no. 22524-1-AP) antibodies.

Male Wistar rats (Hangzhou, China), weighing approximately 50 g and 4 weeks of age at the beginning of the experiments, were used after 7-day adaptive breeding. The animals were housed under standard conditions with water and food ad libitum. All animal procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (XHEC-F-2023-005). Animal pain was minimized during the experiment.
The rats were randomly divided into a Control group (n = 8) and a TD group (n = 16) after 1 week. The Control group was injected with 0.9% saline (15 mL/kg), while the TD group was injected with 3,3’-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN, 250 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich Co, St Louis, MO, United States). After 7 days, we assessed the behavior of TD by evaluating the Stereotyped behavior scores.
The TD group was further divided into two groups: TD (n = 8) and Tia (n = 8). The Tia group was administered tiapride (21 mg/kg; Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China) by gavage once daily for 3 weeks. The control and TD groups were administered 0.9% saline (10 mL/kg).