Ferulic acid

Astragaloside IV (purity ≥98%) and ferulic acid (purity≥98%) were bought from Shanghai yuan ye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). MIR-29 b agomir and agomir negative control were bought from Guangzhou Ribobio Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). The assay kits of MDA, ROS, and SOD for mice were purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). The HYP kit was bought from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China).

The standards of the chemicals used were of chromatographic grade, (≥98%). For identification purposes, tryptophan, rutin, isofraxidin, kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside, coniferaldehyde, isochlorogenic acid, hesperidin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, P-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, P-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

The reference standard of asperulosidic acid (HPLC ≥98%) and ferulic acid (HPLC ≥98%) were obtained from Shanghai Yuan Ye Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). The HPLC-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck Drugs & Biotechnology (Darmstadt, Germany. CAS-NO: 75-05-8). The HPLC-grade formic acid was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (CAS 64-18-6). Ultrapure water was obtained using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, United States). Cisplatin (CAS-NO: 15663-27-1) and 5-fluorouracil (CAS-NO: 51-21-8) were purchased from SHANTOU CENTRAL HOSPITAL. Methanol is HPLC-grade, purchased from Merck, Germany. (CAS-NO: 67-56-1).

[2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS free radical), D-galactose and ascorbic acid (VC) were received from Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). LC grade acetonitrile was supplied by Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (USA). Caffeic and rosmarinic acids standards were purchased from SIGMA-ALDRICH Co., Ltd. (USA). Ferulic acid was purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH free radical) was purchased from TCI Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The biochemical assay kits used for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were received from Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). All the chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade.

Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), fluorescein sodium salt, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl aminomethane, β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (β-NAD), β-Mercatoethanol (β-Me) and α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The enzymes used, including alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from saccharomyces cerevisiae, potassium-activated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from yeast, α-glucosidase from saccharomyces cerevisiae, and α-amylase from porcine pancreas were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standard phenolic compounds including 3′-hydroxypuerarin, 6″-O-xylosidepuerarin, puerarin, mirificin, 3″-methyoxypuerarin, daidzin, rutin, ferulic acid, genistin, phlorizin, ononin, daidzein, genistein, quercitrin, and p-coumaric acid were obtained from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade acetic acid and acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All other reagents used were of analytical grade.

Foxtail millet husk (dry) was acquired from Jinsu Agricultural Technology Corporation (Henan Province, China). The sample was smashed (RS-FS1401 mill, Royalstar Co., Ltd., Hefei, China) sieved (40-mesh), and then stored at −20 °C.
Betaine and L-lactic acid were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). Acetylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and standards (vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, rutin, and kaempferol, the purity above 98%) were sourced from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China), while ABTS(2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)), DPPH(2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), and TPTZ(2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chromatographic methanol and formic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Reagent Co., Ltd., (Waltham, MA, USA). All other reagents, including glycerol, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), glycol, aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), and methanol, were purchased from Tianjin Deen Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjing, China).

Two kinds of K. coccinea fruit (Zihe and Dahong in Figure 1) were collected from Tongdao County, Hunan Province, (26°54′ N, 109°42′ E), China. The scientific identification was performed by Zhonghai Li (College of Food Science and Engineer, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China). HUVECs were purchased from the Institute of Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China), the cell line originated from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA). Cyanidin-3-glucoside, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, syringic acid andvitexin, were purchased from Sichuan Victory Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, hyperoside and rutin were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Fetal bovine serum was purchased from Bioind (Kibbutz Beit Haemek, 25115, Israel). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), penicillin, streptomycin and trypsin were purchased from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Cytotoxicity and the proliferation assay kit was purchased from PROMEGA (Madison, WI, USA). All other chemicals were analytical grade and purchased from the China National Pharmaceutical Corporation (Shanghai, China).