Manganese chloride tetrahydrate

Silver nitrate, nitric acid (65%), isopropanol, glutathione (GSH), NaH₂PO₄⋅2H₂O, ethylenediamine, sodium chloride, ferric chloride hexahydrate, glucose, manganese chloride tetrahydrate, calcium chloride and potassium chloride were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and citric acid (99.5%) were acquired from Shanghai Bo'ao Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O was purchased from Shanghai Xinhua Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Sulfur powder was obtained from Tianjin Sea Crystal Fine Chemical Co., Ltd (Tianjin, China). Hydrazine hydrate (N₂H₄⋅H₂O, 85%) was purchased from Tianjin Bodi Chemical Co., Ltd (Tianjin, China). Most of the chemical reagents used in this work are of analytical grade, while glucose and bovine serum albumin are biological reagents. Ultrapure water (Milli-Q, Millipore, 18.2 MΩ resistivity) was used as the experimental water.

Anhydrous ferric trichloride (FeCl₃, ≥97.0%), nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O, AR), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, ≥99.0%) were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl₂·4H₂O, 99.99%), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂·6H₂O, AR), anhydrous copper chloride (CuCl₂, 98%), commercial Pt/C (20 wt%), ruthenium oxide (RuO₂), iridium dioxide (IrO₂), and potassium hydroxide (KOH, GR, 95%) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Chromium chloride hexahydrate (CrCl₃·6H₂O, 99%) was acquired from Beijing Innochem Science & Technology Co., Ltd. Ruthenium chloride trihydrate (RuCl₃·3H₂O, 95%) was provided by Bide Pharmatech Ltd. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, M_w = 1.49 × 10⁵, copolymerized with 10 wt% acrylate) was supplied by Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Nafion117 solution (5 wt%) was obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.

Potassium hexacyanoferrate(iii) trihydrate (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]·3H₂O), iron(iii) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O), citric acid (CA), polyetherimide (PEI, M_w ≈ 10⁴) and manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl₂·4H₂O) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, K30) were obtained from Aladdin Industries Incorporation. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethyl alcohol and acetone were purchased from Shantou Xilong Chemical Factory (Guangdong, China). Phosphate buffer solution (PBS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were got from Gibco. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Biological Industries (Beit Ahemeq, Israel). Calcein acetoxymethyl ester (Calcein AM), Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) were purchased from Nanjing KeyGen Biotech Co. Ltd. (Nanjing, China). All chemicals were used without further purification. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm) was obtained from Milli-Q water purification system.

Main reagents: lithium hydroxide monohydrate, citric acid, tartaric acid, hydrogen peroxide (Shanghai Maclin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), manganese chloride tetrahydrate, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and ammonia (Sinopharm chemical reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). In this study, the raw material was the fine particles obtained by the discharge, disassembling, crushing and screening of a waste lithium cobalt oxide-based battery whose surface binder and acetylene ash were removed by calcination. The experimental water was deionized water.
Main instruments: UV-26001 UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Company, Kyoto, Japan), Nicolet 380 Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA), Regulus8100 Scanning electron Microscope ( HITACHI, Ibaraki, Japan), X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (Thermo Fischer, Waltham, MA, USA), Optima 8000 Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (PERKINELMER, Waltham, MA, USA), Tube furnace.

DL-malic acid and levofloxacin were purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). All the inorganic reagents, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, manganese chloride tetrahydrate, ferric chloride, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, nickel chloride hexahydrate, cobalt chloride hexahydrate, calcium chloride, stannous chloride, lead (II) chloride, and barium chloride dehydrate, were of analytical grade and obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., (Beijing, China). All the organic compounds, such as D-asparagine (D-Asn), L-glutamic acid (LGA), L-valine (L-Val), L-methionine (L-Met), L-asparagine (L-Asn), L-leucine (L-Leu), S-mandelic acid (S-MA), L-glutamine (L-Glu), and L-ascorbic acid (AA) were supplied by Aladdin Industrial Corporation. The ultrapure water used was directly obtained from the lab with a Milli-Q direct water purification system.

Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl₂·4H₂O), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), strontium nitrate (Sr(NO₃)₂), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and potassium hydroxide (KNO₃) were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All working solutions were prepared using distilled water. The pH was adjusted using NaOH and HCl as needed and monitored with a digital pH meter. All adsorption experiments were conducted at ambient temperature.