1 2 distearoyl sn glycero 3 phosphoglycerol

Silver nitrate (AgNO₃), thioglycolic acid (TGA), and glycerin were purchased from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Hexadecylamine, 1-bromohexadecane, 3-triethoxysilyl propyl isocyanate, cholesterol (Chol), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly (ethylene glycol) (DSPE-PEG2000) were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Moreover, 1,2-Dipalmitoly-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DSPG) were purchased from Lipoid (Germany). All other chemical reagents and solvents of analytical grade were supplied by Merck (Germany). The ultrapure deionized water was provided by a water distiller and deionizer (Millipore, Germany).

Curcumin was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DSPG) were provided by Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was obtained from Carl Roth GmbH & Co. (Karlsruhe, Germany). Organic solvents including methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and chloroform (CHCl₃) were purchased from VWR International (Monroeville, PA, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 (with and without Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺) was freshly prepared, sterilized, and filtered using 0.2 µm polyethersulfone filters for all experiments.

F96 was synthesized following a previous reported method.^{9 (link)} Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol, sodium salt (DSPG), and cholesterol were obtained from Lipoid (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Phosphate buffered saline tablets were from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). 1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) was purchases from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Indianapolis, IN, USA). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) with an average molecular weight of 36 000–50 000 was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated in the text.