Zetasizer nano zs dynamic light scattering instrument

The nanofluids were prepared by simply dispersing the in-situ modified nanoparticles in 3 wt.% brine (equivalent to seawater concentration) to study the effect of pH and nanoparticle concentrations on the dispersion using sedimentation approach as well as zeta potential and hydrodynamic size measurement. NPs with concentration between 0.05–0.20 wt.% were added in brine as the basefluid and agitated magnetically for 1 hour to obtain nano-suspension. In this stage, the pH was modified based on autotitration results to achieve high nanoparticles zeta potential which provides high electrostatic repulsion, resulting in a more uniform and stable nano-suspension. The suspension was then agitated at room temperature in an ultrasonic bath for 30 min to achieve a homogeneous dispersion in the basefluid. The zeta potentials and diameters of the silica NFs were determined using the Zetasizer Nano-ZS dynamic light scattering instrument (Malvern Instruments Inc., UK).

The molar concentration of BPD-PC (ε687 nm = 34,895 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) and IRI (ε384 nm = 21,835 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) was determined by diluting liposomes in DMSO and measuring the absorption spectrum using UV–visible absorption spectrophotometry. Entrapment efficiency was determined in all preparations by quantitating IRI and comparing the resulting IRI/phospholipid final ratio to its initial ratio. Hydrodynamic diameter (nm), polydispersity index (PDI), and ς-potential (mV) of all liposomal nanoconstructs were measured through a Zetasizer Nano ZS Dynamic Light Scattering Instrument (Malvern Instruments). Measurements were performed in triplicates and values were reported as mean and standard deviation.