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15 protocols using vs120 virtual slide scanner

1

Histological Assessment of Hepatic Fibrosis

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The explanted liver was soaked with 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was applied for histological evaluation. Azan and Masson trichrome staining were performed to assess hepatic fibrosis [8 (link)]. For Masson trichrome staining, the sections were immersed overnight in 50% potassium dichromate, stained with hematoxylin, and incubated in Ponceau S dye. The sections were then washed and incubated with 1% phosphomolybdic acid prior staining with aniline blue.
Immunohistochemical staining for paraffin-embedded sections was performed as described previously [8 (link)]. Paraffin-embedded sections (3 μm thick) were stained with anti-α-SMA antibody as a marker of myofibroblasts. The immunoreactivity of α-SMA was detected using the horseradish peroxidase-3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) system. Images were taken with a VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Fibrotic area and α-SMA-positive area were assessed via quantification using Image J. The results were expressed as a percentage of positive area per total area. Three to four views per sample were evaluated.
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2

Immunohistochemistry of Brain Tissues in Mice

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Brain tissues of mice were dissected and fixed in 4% of paraformaldehyde solution for 24 h. For immunohistochemistry, the tissues were washed with PBS and soaked in 10 and 30% sucrose solution, respectively, for 24 h. Afterward, the tissues were embedded, frozen, and cut into 20-μm sections. After the infiltration and blocking for 30 min, the sections were incubated with a primary antibody against LC3B overnight at 4°C, followed by the incubation with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. Fluorescent images were taken using the Olympus VS120 virtual slide scanner.
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3

Neuroanatomical Measurements of Mouse Brain

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Animals were deeply anesthetized and transcardially perfused with 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 1X PBS. Brains were removed from the skull and postfixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were cryoprotected in 30% sucrose, embedded in optimal cutting temperature compound (VWR; Radnor, PA) and frozen in preparation for cryosectioning. Coronal 40-μm thick sections were made using a cryostat (Leica Biosystems; Wetzlar, Germany). Sections were Nissl-stained with 0.1% cresyl violet (Abcam; Cambridge, United Kingdom) to identify brain structures. Sections were dehydrated, cleared in histoclear, and coverslipped using cytoseal mounting media (VWR; Radnor, PA). They were imaged using a VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner (Olympus; Tokyo, Japan) using the 10X objective. ImageJ software was used for measurements (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) by an observer blinded to genotype. For analysis of the width of several brain regions, the length of d1–d5 was measured at bregma, + 0.86 to +1.18 mm according previously published methods (Mizoguchi et al., 2017 (link)). The width of each brain region was defined as follows: d1=whole brain, d2-d3=striatum, d5=motor cortex, d1-d2=somatosensory cortex, d4=septum. The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates atlas (Franklin & Paxinos, 2008 ) was used to locate each brain region.
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4

Nissl Staining of Hippocampal Neurons

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Nissl bodies are very abundant among neurons with strong metabolic functions. Under certain conditions, when neurons are damaged, nissl bodies in their cytoplasm may decrease or disappear, resulting in nerve cell necrosis. Nissl staining is a classic method to observe the state of nissl bodies. Therefore, to observe the morphological changes of hippocampal neurons damaged by SD and the protective effect of EA, nissl staining was performed. Coronal parts of the brains were hydrated in gradients of 95%, 85%, and 70% ethanol for 5 min, respectively. After being stained with 0.1% cresyl violet for 10 min, rinsed with distilled water, dehydrated in gradient alcohol, cleared with xylene, and sealed with neutral gum. Then images were selected utilizing an Olympus VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner.
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5

Histological Analysis of Hippocampal Neuron Injury

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The brain sections were hydrated with gradient alcohol (95%, 80%, and 70%). After being washed three times with distilled water, they were stained with 1% Toluidine blue reagent preheated to 60°C for 40 min. Then, they were washed three times with distilled water and differentiated with 95% ethanol until the background was clear. Finally, the slides were cleared with xylene and sealed with neutral gum. The staining pictures were taken with Olympus VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner. Compared with the normal cells with regular shape and evenly stained, the injuried neuronal cells were shrunken and sickle shaped and stained darkly with fragmented or no nucleus. The percentage of the injuried cells within the CA3 region was calculated to evaluate the effect of SD on the structural damage of hippocampal neurons. For each mouse, one of the representative coronal brain sections with the similar coordinate (bregma, −2.0 mm) was used for the statistical purpose.
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6

Immunofluorescence Analysis of LC3B

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After anesthetized with excessive 1% pentobarbital sodium, the mice were perfused intracardially with PBS followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains of mice were dissected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C overnight. Then they were sequentially dehydrated with 15% and 30% sucrose solution, embedded with embedding medium (Sakura Finetek, USA, 3801480) and cyrosectioned into 20 μm-thick slices. After permeabilized and blocked with 5% donkey serum in PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100 for half an hour, the sections were incubated with primary antibodies against LC3B at 4 °C overnight followed by secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa fluorophore. Fluorescent pictures were taken with Olympus VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner (Olympus).
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7

Histological Analysis of Spinal Cords

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After anesthetization with excessive 20% urethane, the mice were perfused intracardially with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. The dissected spinal cords were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated in 15% and 30% sucrose PBS solution, and cut into 20 μm coronal sections. Thereafter, the sections were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and luxol fast blue (LFB) staining as described previously [27 (link),38 (link)]. The images were taken by Olympus VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner.
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8

Histopathological Analysis of Pancreatitis and Lung Injury

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The pancreas and lungs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, cut into 4 µm-thick sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for
histopathological examination. Images were captured with a VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner (Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The grading of pancreatitis was evaluated using a system previously
described for L-Arg-induced pancreatitis [19 (link)]. The histopathological lesions were scored by an extensively certified veterinary pathologist (T.I.) as
follows: inflammatory cell infiltration (0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe), acinar cell necrosis (0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe), and interstitial edema (0, none; 1, mild;
2, moderate; 3, severe) [19 (link)]. Histopathological evaluation of L-Arg-related lung injury was assessed based on alveolar wall thickness, as previously
described [19 (link)]. Alveolar wall thickness was measured using the ImageJ software (Wayne Rasband, NIH). The severity of lung injury was assessed by the
alveolar area calculated from alveolar wall thickness in H&E-stained lung sections (×200) using a previously described method [21 (link)] with some
modifications.
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9

Fluorescence Imaging Techniques for Multichannel Analysis

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Stitched fluorescence images were collected using an Olympus VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner (Olympus Canada). The objective used was UPlanSApo 20×/0.75 air, illuminated by an X-Cite Exacte Mercury Vapor Short-Arc Lamp. The filters used were green (excitation, 485/20; emission, 525/30) and red (excitation, 560/25; emission, 607/36). Images were acquired as a Z-stack at 1376 × 1038 pixel resolution. Off-line image processing included EFI processing using cellSens Dimension Desktop 1.12 (Olympus Canada) as well as adjustments of brightness and contrast in Photoshop CS6 13.0.1 (Adobe Systems). Confocal fluorescent images were collected using a Nikon A1R Multiphoton Microscope (Nikon Canada). The objective used was 60× Plan Apo water-immersion (NA, 1.27). The laser was centered on 488 nm (with a 525/50 emission filter) and 561 nm (with a 600/50 emission filter) wavelengths. Images were acquired as a Z-stack with 2.3 μs pixel dwell, 2× line averaging, and 1024 × 1024 pixel resolution. Off-line image processing included maximal intensity projections conducted using NIS-Elements Advanced Research version 4.10 (Nikon Canada) as well as adjustments of brightness and contrast in Adobe Photoshop. The same adjustments and settings were used for all images within a given series for image consistency and comparison.
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10

Brain Tissue Cresyl Violet Staining

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The brain sections (30μm) were hydrated in 95%, 85%, and 70% gradient of ethanol for 5 min each. After washing with distilled water three times for 5 min each, they were stained with 0.1% cresyl violet (Solarbio, G1430) for 10 min. Then they were washed with distilled water, dehydrated in gradient alcohol, cleared with xylene, and sealed with neutral gum. The images were taken with Olympus VS120 Virtual Slide Scanner.
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