L galactose

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

L-galactose is a monosaccharide, a type of simple sugar. It is a C-4 epimer of D-glucose, meaning it differs in the orientation of the hydroxyl group at the fourth carbon atom. L-galactose is an important precursor in the biosynthesis of various carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. It has applications in biochemical research and analysis.

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Galactose (363 citations)

5 protocols using l galactose

Enzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Lactones

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All
chemicals and buffers were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich, unless otherwise specified. Sugar lactones that
were not commercially available were synthesized according to standard
published procedures with the exception of 4-deoxy-l-fucono-1,5-lactone,
which was enzymatically synthesized.^{13 (link),14 (link)} The noncommercial
lactones included the following: l-fucono-1,4-lactone, d-arabinono-1,4-lactone, l-xylono-1,4-lactone, l-mannono-1,4-lactone, d-talono-1,4-lactone, d-allono-1,4-lactone, l-rhamnono-1,4-lactone, d-lyxono-1,4-lactone, l-lyxono-1,4-lactone, l-arabinono-1,4-lactone, d-xylono-1,4-lactone, l-mannono-1,5-lactone, l-rhamnono-1,5-lactone, and 4-deoxy-l-fucono-1,5-lactone.
The sugar lactones that were obtained from either CarboSynth or ChromaDex
included the following compounds: l-galactono-1,4-lactone, d-mannono-1,4-lactone, d-galactono-1,4-lactone, d-ribono-1,4-lactone, d-glucurono-6,3-lactone, d-erythronolactone, and l-glucono-1,5-lactone. Aldose
sugars were obtained from either Sigma-Aldrich or Carbosynth and included l-fucose, l-galactose, l-glucose, d-altrose, d-arabinose, l-xylose, l-rhamnose, d-mannose, l-allose, d-talose, l-talose, d-allose, d-galactose, l-mannose, d-gulose, d-glucose, l-arabinose, l-ribose, d-lyxose, l-lyxose, d-xylose, d-ribose,
and 4-deoxy-l-fucose.

Hobbs M.E., Williams H.J., Hillerich B., Almo S.C, & Raushel F.M. (2014). l-Galactose Metabolism in Bacteroides vulgatus from the Human Gut Microbiota. Biochemistry, 53(28), 4661-4670.

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Analytical Standards for Phytochemical Analysis

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ACS-grade methanol for extraction, LC-MS Optima^TMacetonitrile, and UHPLC-MS/MS Optima^TM grade solvents (water, acetonitrile, methanol) were from Fisher (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Nepean, ON, Canada). SupraPur^TM formic acid (98%–100%) and ACS grade isopropyl alcohol were from VWR (VWR International LLC, Mississauga, ON, Canada). Commercially available analytical standards were sourced from Extrasynthese (Genay, Cedex, FR) (quercetin-3-O-glucoside ≥ 99%; kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside ≥ 98%; quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside ≥ 98.5%) or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside ≥ 95%; kaempferol-3-O-glucoside ≥ 97%; xanthohumol ≥ 96%; quercetin-3-O-(6’’-O-malonyl)-glucoside ≥ 85%). International Calibration Extract 3 (ICE-3), an alpha & beta acid standardized mixture, was sourced from Labor Veritas (AG, Zurich, CZ). Deuterated solvent (DMSO-d₆) was from CIL (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA). Pyridine, o-tolyl isothiocyanate, L-cysteine methyl ester, D-glucose, L-glucose, D-galactose, L-galactose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

McCallum J.L., Nabuurs M.H., Gallant S.T., Kirby C.W, & Mills A.A. (2019). Phytochemical Characterization of Wild Hops (Humulus lupulus ssp. lupuloides) Germplasm Resources From the Maritimes Region of Canada. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1438.

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Monosaccharide Identification and Antioxidant Assay Protocol

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The monosaccharide standards (D-mannose, D-rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, D-glucose, L-arabinose, and L-galactose), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Zinquin ethyl ester was purchased from Biotium, Inc. (Fremont, CA, USA). DEAE-52 was purchased from Whatman Co. (UK). Sephadex-G 100 was purchased from Solarbio Co. (Beijing, China). Zn Standard Solution (99.999%) was purchased from SPEX CertiPrep Co. (USA). The diagnostic kit for reactive oxygen species (ROS) was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade from local chemical suppliers in China.

Zheng L., Ma Y., Zhang Y., Meng Q., Yang J., Gong W., Liu Q., Cai L., Hao L., Wang B, & Yang Y. (2020). Distribution of Zinc in Mycelial Cells and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Mycelia Zinc Polysaccharides from Thelephora ganbajun TG-01. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 2308017.

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Maintenance of Ar. subalbatus and Microbe Strains

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Ar. subalbatus used in this study were maintained at the University of Missouri- Columbia following the methods described previously (Beerntsen et al., 1989 (link); Wang et al., 2012 (link)).
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, and M. luteus, Gram-negative E. coli DH5α, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were originally from ATCC or Sigma and maintained in the laboratory. Smooth LPS from E. coli 055:B5 and 026:B6, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, rough mutants of LPS from E. coli EH100 (Ra-LPS), E. coli F583 (Rd-LPS), E. coli J5 (Rc-LPS), and S. enterica serotype minnesota Re 595 (Re-LPS), mono-phosphoryl lipid A from E. coli F583 (Rd mutant), and di-phosphoryl lipid A from E. coli F583 (Rd mutant), laminarin (β-1,3-glucan), curdlan, mannan, zymosan (from S. cerevisiae), D-ga lactose, L-ga lactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNac), D-glucose, L-fucose, L-rhamnose, talose, xylose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, melibiose, chitotriose were all from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). TLR grade LPS-K12 and PG-K12 from E. coli K12, PG-SA and LTA-SA from S. aureus, and PG-BS and LTA-BS from B. subtilis were from Invivogen (CA, USA).

Shi X.Z., Kang C.J., Wang S.J., Zhong X., Beerntsen B.T, & Yu X.Q. (2014). Functions of Armigeres subalbatus C-type lectins in innate immunity. Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 52, 102-114.

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Carbohydrate Solutions for Injection

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The following carbohydrates, all from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO) were prepared as 10 mg/ml solutions in deionized H₂O (dH₂O): λ carageenan, dextran sulfate (sodium salt from Leuconostoc spp.), fucoidan (crude, from Fucus vesiculosus), L-fucose, L-galactose, heparin (sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa), and laminarin from Laminaria digitata. Carageenan was heated to 50 °C prior to uptake into the injection needle in order to reduce viscosity, and was allowed to cool for several minutes before injection.

Sullivan J.T., Belloir J.A., Beltran R.V., Grivakis A, & Ransone K.A. (2014). Fucoidan stimulates cell division in the amebocyte-producing organ of the schistosome-transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 123, 13-16.

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