β tricalcium phosphate β tcp

Conventional calcium phosphate cement (Shanghai Rebone Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), hyperpure hydroxyapatite powder (HA) (Sigma, Germany), calcium monohydrogen phosphate and calcium carbonate (Xilong Scientific, Shantou, China), and alginic acid sodium (Alfa Aesar, USA). DMEM culture medium (Hyclone, USA), fetal bovine serum (Sigma, Germany), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China), RNA extraction kit (BIO BASIC INC., USA), DNA synthesis kit and SYBR Green qPCR kit (Fermentas, USA), and BMP2 (Bone Bank of the Forth Military Medical University, China).

Sodium alginate (CAS no. 9005-38-3), a polysaccharide consisting of mannuronic/guluronic acid (M/G) ratio of 34%/66%, Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanopowder (21 nm, CAS no. 12188-41-9), β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (CAS no. 7758-87-4, >95% pure), was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA, USA). Gelatin (CAS no. 9000-70-8) and Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) (CAS no. 10043-52-4, >96% pure) was obtained from CTR Scientific (Control Técnico y Representaciones Scientific, Monterrey, Mexico). Precision tips SNS-D 051/025 were purchased from Nordson (Inner-0.25 mm) (Nordson Corporation, OH, USA).