Hyperoside

The reference phytochemicals, including isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide, and quercetin 3-O-glucuronide were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin were obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, and procyanidin C1 were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), while agrimoniin, apigenin, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin (kaempferol 3-O-glucoside), pedunculagin, avicularin (quercetin 3-O-arabinoside), hyperoside (quercetin 3-O-galactoside), isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucoside), and tiliroside (purity > 96%) were previously isolated in the Department of Pharmacognosy of Medical University of Białystok (Białystok, Poland) [22 (link),48 ,49 (link),50 (link),51 (link)]. All other analytical grade chemicals used in the study were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). To obtain ultra-pure water, a POLWATER DL3-100 Labopol (Kraków, Poland) system was used. Investigated extracts (100 mg/mL) and 5-fluorouracil (50 mM) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare stock solutions. Working solutions were prepared by dissolving stock solutions in a culture medium. The final concentration of DMSO in all working solutions used in the studies was 0.25%.