α amylase from

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) leaves were collected from Aloe vera Australia (Goodman International, Brisbane, QLD, Australia). Casein micelle powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Pty Ltd. (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Pepsin from procin gastric mucosa, activity ≥32,000 Units/mg ((P6887) CAS No: 9001-75-6), α-amylase from human saliva, activity 1000–3000 Units/mg ((A0521), Lot# SLBX2676), Trypsin from porcin pancreas, activity 1000–2000 Units/mg ((T4799) CAS-No: 9002-07-7) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Pty Ltd. (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). HPLC-grade methanol, formic acid, and bile salts were also acquired from Sigma Aldrich Pty Ltd. (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Other chemicals were of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma Aldrich Pty Ltd. (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). MilliQ water was used at all times.

From Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): Amberlite XAD7^®, α-amylase from porcine pancreas (A3176; EC 3.2.1.1), α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (G5003; EC 3.2.1.20), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, catechin, CuCl₂, lipase from porcine pancreas type II (L-3126; EC 3.1.1.3), 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl palmitate, quercetin, sodium acetate, starch, TPTZ (2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)1,3,5-triazine), and triton X-100. From Merck (Darmstadt, Germany): ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), FeCl₃ × 6H₂O, neocuproin, potassium sodium tartrate, and HPLC-grade methanol. Ammonium acetate was from JT Baker (Xalostoc, Mexico). The following standards were from PhytoLab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany): malvidin-3-glucoside chloride (89728, 99.3% purity), quercetin-3-glucoside (89230, 99.1% purity), and chlorogenic acid (89175, 98.9% purity). Orlistat was from Laboratorio Chile (Santiago, Chile).

Oils, palmitic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid, behenic acid, lauric acid, arachidic acid, 12-hydroxylauric acid, linolenic acid, 16-hydroxypalmitic acid, 2-hydroxycaprioic acid, stearyl alcohol, stearyl methacrylate, stearyl amine, oleic acid, stearic acid, glyceryl monooleate [90% United States Pharmacopeia (USP) reference standard], l-α-phosphatidylcholine [from egg yolk; type XVI-E, ≥99% (TLC), lyophilized powder], maleic acid (99% pure), sodium taurocholate hydrate, sodium oleate, α-amylase from human saliva (type IX-A, lyophilized powder; 1000 to 3000 U/mg of protein), pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (3200 to 4500 U/mg of protein), pancreatin (8×USP specifications), and 4-bromophenylboronic acid (4-BBBA, ≥95.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 3-Hydroxymyristic acid was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. linolenic acid, linoelaidic acid, and elaidic acid were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company. Rice bran wax and castor oil wax were purchased from HalalEveryday. Carnauba wax was purchased from Luxuriant. Beeswax was purchased from Stakich Inc. Candelilla wax was purchased from Plant Guru Inc. Soy wax was obtained from Golden Brands. Lauroglycol FCC, Labrafil M1944, Labrafil M2125, Labrasol ALF, Plurol oleique, Lauroglycol 90, Labrafac lipophile, Maisine, Capryol PGMC, Peceol, and Capryol 90 were a gift from Gattefossé (Saint Priest, France).

Fully mature wild blackthorn fruits were purchased from a local gatherer in Buzău, Romania, in September 2021. The fruits were kept in cooled bags for transport to the laboratory, washed with distillated water, and processed immediately. The commercial culture Lactobacillus acidophilus was provided by Chr. Hansen (Hoersholm, Denmark). The reagents used to determine total phenolic compounds (TPCs), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total monomeric anthocyanin content (TAC), acetonitrile, formic acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman 2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), ethanol, tyrosinase from mushroom (lyophilized powder, ≥1000 unit/mg solid), 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA), α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (type I, lyophilized powder, ≥10 units/mg protein), p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, α-amylase from porcine pancreas (type I-A, 700–1400 units/mg protein), sodium phosphate buffer solution (PBS), starch solution, dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), kojic acid, and acarbose were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim am Albuch, Germany). All reagents and solvents were of analytical and HPLC grade.

α-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis, porcine pancreatic lipase, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, 4-nitrophenyl butyrate, phlorizin hydrate, acarbose, orlistat, and streptozotocin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.