Jem 2800 transmission electron microscope

Zeta potential analysis and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were conducted on ZetaPlus 90 Plus/BI-MAS (Brook haven, USA). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images were captured on JEM-2800 transmission electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Japan). MTT and ELISA assays were conducted on Victor X3 Multimode Plate Reader (PerkinElmer, USA). The gel electrophoresis was performed with Mini-Protean Tetra Cell and PowerPac™ Basic Power Supply (Bio-Rad, USA). The intracellular fluorescence images were acquired through TCS SP5 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) (Leica, Germany). Flow cytometry was accomplished on Coulter FC-500 flow cytometer (Beckman-Coulter, USA). The UV–Vis absorption spectra were recorded with UV-3600N UV/VIS spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The fluorescence spectra were recorded with F-4700 spectrofluorophotometer (Hitachi, Japan).

Fluorescence (FL) and UV-vis spectra were recorded on a Jasco FP-6500 fluorescent spectrofluorometer (Jasco, Japan) and Shimadzu UV-2550 spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan), respectively. FT-IR spectrum was recorded on a Nicolet 5700-IR spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) analysis were carried out on a Thermo ESCALAB 250XI X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (USA). TEM images were conducted on a JEM-2800 transmission electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Fluorescence lifetime was measured using an FLS980 time-resolved spectrometer (Edinburgh, UK) with an excitation wavelength of 365 nm.