Player’s stature and body mass (BM) were collected at the start of the competition week (GD-5). Upon waking with bladder voided, BM was assessed using electronic scales (SECA, Birmingham, UK) configured to 0.1 kg accuracy. Stature was then immediately assessed using a stadiometer (SECA, Birmingham, UK) configured to 0.5 cm accuracy. Sum of eight site skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, mid-thigh, and medial calf) were collected using Harpenden callipers (British Indicators, Hertfordshire, UK), configured to 0.1 mm accuracy by a level 1 International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) accredited anthropometrist following the same methods as previously described [24 (link)]. Total fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat percentage (Fat %) were collected one week prior to the commencement of the study using a fan-beam Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scanner (Hologic Discovery A, Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA) using the same methods previously described [24 (link)].
Electronic scale
Manufactured by Seca
Sourced in Germany, United Kingdom, United States
The Electronic Scale is a device used to measure the weight of objects. It utilizes electronic sensors to detect the force applied by the object and displays the corresponding weight measurement on a digital display.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Stadiometer, by Seca (20 mentions)
Stadiometer, by Holtain (5 mentions)
274 stadiometer, by Seca (4 mentions)
2006 sliding board, by Seca (2 mentions)
Leicester height measure, by Seca (2 mentions)
Infantometer, by Seca (2 mentions)
Body fat monitor, by Tanita (2 mentions)
Tape measure, by Seca (2 mentions)
Harpenden stadiometer, by Holtain (2 mentions)
Discovery a, by Hologic (1 mentions)
Skinfold caliper, by Holtain (1 mentions)
Lunar idxa, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Ge lunar calibration phantom, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
416 infantometer, by Seca (1 mentions)
Infant scale, by Seca (1 mentions)
Actiheart device, by CamNtech (1 mentions)
Actiheart, by CamNtech (1 mentions)
Mechanical scale, by Seca (1 mentions)
Model 872, by Seca (1 mentions)
Model 881, by Seca (1 mentions)
101 protocols using electronic scale
1
Anthropometric Measurements of Athletes
2
Comprehensive Assessment of Lifestyle and Anthropometrics
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Participants answered questions about lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity) and socioeconomic status (education level and employment status). Body weight and height were measured by electronic scales (SECA, Hamburg, Germany) and stadiometer (Holtain, Crymych, UK) and BMI was calculated as weight/height2 (kg/m2). WC was measured at the level between the lowest ribs and anterior suprailiac crest and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) at midpoint between the acromion and olecranon using non-stretchable tape measure, and triceps skinfold thickness in mm at the MUAC level using skinfold calipers (Holtain, Crymych, UK) [20 (link)]. Physical function was assessed using Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire score. Mid-upper arm muscle area was estimated from the equation: MUAC – (3.14 × triceps skinfold thickness) [21 (link)].
3
Comprehensive Health and Socioeconomic Assessment
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For each study participant, questionnaires documented information about health status, health-related behaviors (e.g. smoking), living conditions, protective and risk factors and health care utilization (Robert Koch-Institut (RKI)). The computer-assisted personal interview collected detailed data on medication usage classifying them with the specific ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) codes. Anthropometric data, including body height and weight, waist and hip circumferences, were measured using infantometers or stadiometers (Holtain Ltd., UK) and electronic scales (SECA, Ltd., Germany). This information was also used to calculate the body-mass-index (BMI) as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared (Kurth et al. 2008 (link)). To define the socioeconomic status (SES), a dimensional index was built including household income, education level and professional status. The basis for household income was the equivalent net income and for education level the international classification Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations (CASMIN). For professional status, the International Socio-Economic-Index of Occupational Status (ISEI) according to Ganzeboom and Treimann was used, always taking the maximum value given by the parents. The index ranges between 3.0 and 21.0 (Lampert et al. 2018 (link)).
4
Detailed Anthropometric Assessments of Athletes
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All anthropometric measures were collected using methods previously described [12 (link)]. Body mass was assessed using electronic scales (SECA, Birmingham, UK) to 0.1 kg accuracy upon waking with bladder voided. Height was then immediately assessed using a stadiometer (SECA, Birmingham, UK) to 0.5 cm accuracy. A Level 3 International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) accredited anthropometrist with a technical error of measurement of 1.8% carried out sum of eight site skinfold measurements on all players. Skinfolds were taken using Harpenden callipers (British Indicators, Hertfordshire, UK) to 0.1 mm accuracy. Sum of eight site skinfold measurements from the following sites; biceps, triceps, subscapular, abdominal, supraspinale, iliac crest, mid-thigh and medial calf were made on the right side of the body using ISAK techniques previously described by Norton and Colleagues [26 ]. All anthropometric equipment was calibrated as recommended by the manufacturer’s guidelines.
5
Anthropometric Measurements of Elite Athletes
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Following methods previously described [2 (link)], we assessed body mass upon waking with bladder voided at the start of the competition week using electronic scales (SECA, Birmingham, UK) to 0.1 kg accuracy. Height was assessed using a stadiometer (SECA, Birmingham, UK) to 0.5 cm accuracy. A level 1 International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) accredited anthropometrist carried out the sum of eight-site skinfold measurements on all players using Harpenden callipers (British Indicators, Hertfordshire, UK) to 0.1 mm accuracy. Duplicate measures were taken on the right side of the body at the following sites: triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, mid-thigh, and medial calf [24 ]. All anthropometric equipment were calibrated as recommended by the manufacturer’s guidelines.
6
Anthropometric Measurements of Mothers and Children
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The anthropometric measurements for mothers and children were performed using the standardized procedures recommended by WHO [19 ]. The study participants were weighed to the nearest 100 g on electronic scales (SECA, Germany) with a weighing capacity of 0 to 140 kg with minimal (light) clothing and removed their shoes and hats during the measurement. Children were weighed together with the mother of the child, and the child’s weight was calculated by subtracting the respective mother’s weight, and this was recorded on the form during the fieldwork and confirmed later on by supervisors. Their length/height was measured to the nearest one centimetre with locally made portable devices (SECA 2006 sliding board). The BMI was calculated by dividing weight by height in meters squared [weight/height2 (kg/m2)]. The mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of the left arm was measured to the nearest mm with a non-stretch measuring tape (MUAC 12.5 measuring tape/PAC-50).
7
Childhood Growth in Guinea: DHS Surveys
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This study used data from the last three Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Guinea in 2005, 2012 and 2018 by the National Statistics Institute of Guinea (Institut National de la Statistique, INS) with technical assistance from the DHS programme (Program DHS, ICF/USAID). These surveys used two-stage stratified cluster sampling methods (region and place of residence). The weight and height of the children were measured and collected during these repeated cross-sectional studies. Weight was measured using electronic scales (Seca, Hamburg, Germany), while height measurements were taken using graduated height scales. Children under 2 years of age were measured lying down, while older children were measured standing up(10 –12 ). Data of children under 5 years of age who had a weight and height measurement available were analysed.
8
Anthropometric Measurements of Athletes
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Players reported to the laboratory at 9 am. On entering the laboratory, body height (cm), and body mass (kg) measurements were taken for each player. Body height was measured using a stadiometer with accuracy to 1 cm (SECA, Germany), while electronic scales (SECA, Germany) accurate to 0.1 kg were used for body mass measurements.
9
Assessing Muscle Soreness and Blood Biomarkers
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Capillary blood samples (~200 μL) were collected from the earlobe into heparinized tubes. The tubes were centrifuged and the plasma portion was extracted into another tube for storage in a -80° C freezer. Each sample was tested for creatinine (in μmol/L), CK (in U/L), urea (in mmol/L), and glucose (in mmol/L) concentrations using a biochemical analyzer (Biotecnica Instruments, Italy) and reagents supplied by the manufacturer. Note that plasma creatinine was assessed on days 1 and 16 only. Capillary-based measurements of CK, urea, and glucose [14 (link), 15 , 16 (link)] are reliable and also valid, compared with venous blood collections, although the measured concentrations are not always interchangeable between blood compartments.
General muscle soreness was assessed daily by self-report and anchored on a 1 (= no pain) to 10 (= extremely painful) Likert scale [12 , 17 ]. These data were collected with a time-framed question (i.e., how sore are your major muscle groups right now?), after which the participant was shown a card with all possible ratings and explanations. Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg on days 1 and 16 using electronic scales (Seca, Germany), with subjects wearing training shorts and a shirt, but without shoes.
General muscle soreness was assessed daily by self-report and anchored on a 1 (= no pain) to 10 (= extremely painful) Likert scale [12 , 17 ]. These data were collected with a time-framed question (i.e., how sore are your major muscle groups right now?), after which the participant was shown a card with all possible ratings and explanations. Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg on days 1 and 16 using electronic scales (Seca, Germany), with subjects wearing training shorts and a shirt, but without shoes.
10
Anthropometric Measures and Maturation
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Participants’ body mass was measured in light clothing without shoes, to the nearest 0.1 kg using electronic scales (Seca, Birmingham, UK). Stature and sitting height were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer (Leicester Height measure; Seca, Birmingham, UK). Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the bottom rib and the iliac crest, to the nearest 0.1 cm using a non-elastic measuring tape (Seca, Birmingham, UK). Sex-specific regression equations [27 (link)] were used to predict children’s age from peak height velocity, which is a proxy measure of biological maturation. Participants self-reported their dominant hand.
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