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58 protocols using ab222503

1

ELISA Quantification of Inflammation Markers

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Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to further confirm the expression of above inflammation related cytokines before and after SAH. The process of measurement was as per the manufacturer’s protocol and previous studies (Li et al. 2020 (link); Zhang et al. 2019a (link), b (link)). The left hemisphere cortex tissue suspension and protein samples were acquired similar to the WB method. The protein samples and the standard were mixed with antibody cocktail in pre-coated 96-well microplate, and then incubated at room temperature (25 ℃) for 1 h. After washing with buffer reagent, the development solution was added to each well, and finally the stop solution was added. Using a spectrophotometer to analyze the optical density (OD) at 450 nm for each well in the microplate, the protein concentration could be quantified by comparing the OD of target protein with standard curve. ELISA kits in the study were used: IL-1β (ab197742, Abcam, USA), IL-6 (ab222503, Abcam, USA) and TNF-α (ab208348, Abcam, USA).
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2

Cytokine Profiling in Mouse Cortex

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Mice were anesthetized and were transcranial perfused with 50 mL of cold NS. The temporal cortex was collected for assessment. The concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines were detected. There were five supernatants in each group for ELISA analysis. An ELISA was used as directed by the manufacturer to determine the levels of IL‑1β (cat. no. ab197742; Abcam), IL‑6 (cat. no. ab222503; Abcam), TNF‑α (cat. no. ab208348; Abcam), and NF‑κB (cat. no. ab176663; Abcam). The specific experimental procedure according to the guidelines stipulated by the manufacturer and previous study [45 (link)].
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3

Influence of SNF and AC on Inflammation

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To estimate the influence of SNF, free AC (125, 250, 500 μg/ml) and AC-laden SNF (125, 250, 500 μg/ml) on inflammation, the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 from Raw 246.7 cells was measured by ELISA. Raw 246.7 cells (1×105 cells/well) were seeded in 24-well plates and cultured for 6 h. Then the media containing free SNF, free AC and AC-laden SNF were used to culture the cells for 6 h. Then 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was added to the media and the cells were cultured for 24 h, the supernatants were collected and measured with a mouse IL-6 ELISA kit (ab222503, Abcam, USA) and a mouse TNF-α ELISA kit (ab208348, Abcam, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
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4

Quantifying Mouse Cytokine Levels

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A commercial mouse TNF-α ELISA kit (ab208348, Abcam, USA) and mouse IL-6 ELISA kit (ab222503, Abcam, USA) were utilized to measure the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in the culture medium. A microplate reader (Bio-Rad 680, USA) was used to measure the OD (optical density) value at 450 nm.
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5

Quantification of Inflammatory Cytokines

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At each time-point post-irradiation, cardiac puncture was performed to obtain the whole blood. The blood was allowed to clot at room temperature for 2 h and centrifuged at 3000 g 4 °C for 15 min. The clear top layer was collected, and the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β, ab197742, Abcam, USA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6, ab222503, Abcam, USA) were measured using a commercial ELISA kit following the manufacturer’s protocol. The OD value of each well was measured at 450 nm via a Microplate Reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) and calculated at the linear portion of the curve.
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6

Mouse Serum Biomarker Quantification

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To measure mouse serum HMGB1, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and oxidative 8-OHdG DNA damage we used the mouse ELISA kit (Cat#SEKM-0145, Solarbio Science & Technology, Beijing, China), IL-1α (ab199076, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), IL-1β (ab197742, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), IL-6 (ab222503, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), TNF-α (ab208348, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), and oxdative 8-OHdG DNA damage (8-OHdG Quantitation) (STA-210-T, Cell biolabs, San Diego, CA) according to each manufacturer’s instructions. Absorbance levels of concentrations were measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA).
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7

Tissue Lysate Preparation for CDKN2A and IL-6 Quantification

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For tissue lysate preparation, 300 ml of complete extraction buffer [100 mM tris (Sigma-Aldrich, T1503), 150 mM NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, S7653), 1 mM EGTA (Sigma-Aldrich, E4378), 1 mM EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich, E6758), 1% Triton X-100 (VWR, 306324N), and 0.1% sodium deoxycholate (Sigma-Aldrich, D6750)] supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Fisher Bioreagents, 12801640) was added to 5 mg of tissue. Then, samples were homogenized with an electric homogenizer and maintained at constant agitation for 2 hours at 4°C. After centrifuging for 20 min at 13,000 rpm at 4°C, the samples were placed on ice. CDKN2A in the tissue lysate was determined by an ELISA kit (Abcam, ab230131) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. IL-6 was determined by an ELISA kit (Abcam, ab222503) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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8

Serum Biomarker Analysis Protocol

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Separated animal serum was stored at −80 °C before measurement. The ferritin, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in serum were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Abcam, ab157713, ab222503, ab208348, Cambridge, UK) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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9

Cytokine Profiling of Activated Microglia

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Prior to testing, the culture medium of BV2 cells was collected. Then, IL-6 and TGF-β1 (ab222503 and ab119557, Abcam) ELISA kits were employed for assessing the cytokine expression profiles of activated or non-activated microglia. The cytokine profiles of microglia were determined after 3-h PBM irradiation. The supernatants of culture medium of microglia were processed by the ELISA method according to the manufacturer's protocol. The absorbance of the resulting solution at 450 nm for each well was measured by a microplate reader. The concentrations of the cytokines in the samples were analyzed on Excel software.
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10

Inflammatory Cytokine Quantification in Brain Tissue

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Brain tissues and normal saline were fully mixed and homogenized in a homogenizer, and then the mixture was centrifuged at 6000 r/min (2500×g) at 4℃ for 15 min. Subsequently, the supernatant was collected, and TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 levels were recorded by the ELISA reader (Bio‐Rad Laboratories) with corresponding ELISA kits (TNF‐α, ab208348; IL‐1β, ab197742; IL‐6, ab222503; Abcam) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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