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253 protocols using centurion xvi

1

Bacterial Ingestion and Injection Assay

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Each test was repeated five times, except for Real-Time quantification, where three replicates were performed. A control was set up for each experiment. For ingestion treatment, the control flies have been put in contact with a cotton imbibed with LB instead of bacterial culture (Control Ingestion). On the other hand, for injection treatment the control flies were sterilely wounded (Control Injection). All data are presented as means ± SE. Differences between groups were tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) (Stat graphics Centurion XVI) using the data that had previously been checked for normality. Significant differences between groups were determined by a least significant difference (LSD) test at 95% CL. To test the correlations between mortality levels and the bacterial load, we used the hypothesis test in Stat graphics Centurion XVI.
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2

Statistical Analysis of Antimicrobial Interactions

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Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using a computerised statistical program (Statgraphics® Centurion XVI version 16.1.03). Prior to analysis, sporulation density, cfu, % inhibition, and brown rot incidence data were (1+ log (1/x)), log (x+1) and arcsine (x/100) transformed respectively, in order to improve homogenecity of variances. When the results of the F-test were significant (p≤0.05), the means were compared by Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test (Snedecor and Cochran, 1980) . Since replicated experiments yielded similar results, data from each assay was pooled and analysed.
Regression analyses were computed using the linear model regression in Statgraphics Centurion XVI in order to obtain a standard curve with the highest correlation coefficients between the dual interaction Pf909 vs CPA-8 in dual culture and the mycelia growth. Model selection was performed on the basis of the significance of the estimated parameters, R 2 (coefficient of determination for lineal regression analysis), the adjusted coefficient of determination, the mean absolute error (average of the absolute values of the residuals), and mean square error (Almeida et al., 2002) (link).
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3

Grape Marc Extract Physicochemical Analysis

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Results of the physicochemical analysis of the grape marc extract and related samples obtained in the clarification step were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three replicates. The adjustment of the experimental data to the fouling model was performed by a least squares fitting procedure.
Determination of the quality of fit was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) and the percentage of variability explained (R2) at a 95% confidence level. On the other hand, the validation procedure of the fouling mechanism was performed employing the residual analysis, which should come from a normal distribution. Shapiro–Wilks (S-W) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) tests were used for this purpose. Statistic and mathematical computations were performed in Statgraphics Centurion XVI (Statgraphics Technologies, The Plains, VA, USA) and Excel 2010 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA).
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4

Digital Image Analysis of Fungal Germ Tube Growth

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Growth parameters were measured by digital image analysis. Images were obtained using a conventional digital camera (16 MP, f/1.8, 28 mm, LG Electronics, Seoul, South Korea) and a conventional optical microscope (Nikon Alphaphot-2 YS2, Nikon Imaging Japan Inc., Shinagawa Intercity Tower C, 2-15-3, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan).
The determination of germ-tube length was conducted using ImageJ [27 ]. The data were stored in Microsoft Excel 2016 Office Suite and processed using Statgraphics Centurion XVI (Statgraphics Technologies, Inc., The Plains, VA, USA).
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5

Statistical Analysis of Experimental Results

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Statistical
analysis of the results was performed using the Statgraphics Centurion
XVI (Statgraphics, Rockville, MD). An ANOVA (unidirectional) test
was applied to determine statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the samples submitted to the characterizations.
All tests were performed in triplicate.
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6

Physicochemical Analysis of Clarified Grape Marc

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The physicochemical analysis of the clarified grape marc extract and related samples obtained in the NF tests were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three replicates. The analysis of differences between the tested membranes in terms of flux and rejection of target compounds was performed using ANOVA analysis at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). Statgraphics Centurion XVI (Statgraphics Technologies, The Plains, VA, USA) was used for all the computations.
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7

Multivariate Analysis of Water-Metal-Diatoms Interactions

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The field and chemical parameters, together with the different indices considered here, were integrated into a matrix for further processing. In a first approximation, given the large dataset obtained, the REEs were plotted as a summatory, as well as the most representative metals (same metals set considered in [64 ]).
To facilitate the comprehension of the water–metal–diatoms interaction, as well as the spatial evolution along the river, the standardization of all values was carried out between 1 and 10, as the variables showed, in some cases, extremely high values with respect to others. A pre-analysis of the physico-chemical parameters was conducted, integrating them in X–Y graphs which were then validated by a factor analysis (software package Statgraphics Centurion XVI).
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8

Analyzing Water Loss in Frozen-Thawed Samples

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With the aim of observing the water loss in the samples during the frozen-thawed process, and to assure that samples still had added water once they were thawed, an ANOVA analysis was performed between the moistures of unfrozen and thawed samples. Afterwards, the moisture/protein ratio was calculated in control (non-injected) and injected thawed samples, performing another ANOVA with the objective of studying these differences. Both analyses were carried out using the software Statgraphics centurion XVI (Statgraphics Technologies, Inc., The Plains, VA, USA).
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9

Statistical Analysis of In Vitro B. monnieri

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The statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. For each of the obtained materials of B. monnieri from in vitro cultures, 12 samples were used for the determination of each compound and all the analyses were carried out in four repetitions. The results were expressed as mean values and standard deviation (SD). All the calculations were conducted using Statistica 10 (StatSoft, Poland) and Statgraphics Centurion XVI (Poland). Statistical significance was defined at p < 0.05.
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10

Statistical Analysis of Plant Germination

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Data were analysed using Statgraphics Centurion XVI (Statgraphics Technologies, The Plains, VA, USA). The Levene test was applied to check whether analysis of variance (ANOVA) requirements were accomplished. Germination percentages were normalised by arcsine transformation prior to the analysis of variance. Significant differences be-tween treatments were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence level, and post hoc comparisons were made using Tukey’s HSD test at p < 0.05. All mean values throughout the text are followed by SE. A multivariate analysis, r hierarchical clustering using Ward’s method, and Euclidean similarity index, were performed based on the means of all parameters measured in the plants, using the program called PAleontological STatistics (PAST) Version 4.09 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway [102 ].
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