Fei talos f200x

The nanostructured morphologies of the samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, ZEISS Gemini 300, Jena, Germany). Elemental mapping imaging was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Horiba EMAX Energy, EX-350, Kyoto, Japan). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) images were obtained with a FEI-TALOS-F200X (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The crystal structure of the samples was analyzed using an X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD, Empyrean, Malvern Panalytical B.V, Almelo, The Netherlands) with graphite monochromatic Cu Kα irradiation. The chemical compositions of the nanocomposites were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, American Thermo Fisher Scientific K-Alpha, USA).

Carbon and nitrogen contents were determined by elemental analysis using a gas chromatograph coupled with a thermal conductivity detector CHNS macro analyzer vario MACRI cube (Elementar, Langenselbold, Germany). Iron content was determined by immersion of the samples in aqua regia and subsequent investigation using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on a TGA Q500 (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) at 10 °C min⁻¹ heating ramp under 60 mL min⁻¹ gas flow of synthetic air (20% O₂, 80% N₂). Raman spectra were acquired using a Jobin Yvon HR800 (Horiba, Bensheim, Germany) quipped with a He-Ne laser (633 nm) and grid (600 mm⁻¹) at 30 mW and 30 s integration time. Each sample was measured 5 times at different positions to provide average values. Electron microscopy images were acquired using either a Supra 55 VP FEG (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 5 kV or at a FEI Talos F200X (Thermo Fischer, Waltham, MA, USA) transmission electron microscope (TEM) at 200 kV acceleration voltage.

Raman and PL spectra were taken by a LabRAM HR Evolution system (HORIBA Co. Ltd., Paris, France) with a 532 nm laser. The Raman spectroscopy parameters were a diffraction grating of 1800 gr/mm, a focal length of 800 mm, a Raman frequency shift range of 50–8000 cm⁻¹, and a spectral resolution of ≤0.65 cm⁻¹. The morphology of fabricated devices and the morphology of as-grown Sm-doped MoS₂ were observed by a fluorescent inverted microscope (LeicaDMI6000B, Leica, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany), and the thickness of few-layer flakes was characterized by AFM (MFP-3D-SA, Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) and Raman spectroscopy. The electrical properties of all the FET devices were measured using a Keithley 4200 (Tektronix, Beaverton, OR, USA) semiconductor parameter analyzer at room temperature (under dark conditions). XPS was conducted on a Thermo Scientific^TM K-Alpha^TM+(Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) spectrometer equipped with a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source (1486.6 eV) operating at 100 W. Samples were analyzed under vacuum (p < 10⁻⁸ mbar) with a pass energy of 150 eV (survey scans) or 25 eV (high-resolution scans). All peaks would be calibrated with C1s peak binding energy at 284.8 eV for adventitious carbon. The experimental peaks were fitted with the Avantage software. TEM images were obtained with an FEI Talos F200X (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA)

Nonfluorescent and fluorescent
polystyrene 80 nm NP suspensions (free of sodium azide; 2.5%, w/v;
density: 1.064 g/cm³) were purchased from BaseLine ChromTech
Research Centre (Tianjin, China). The nonfluorescent NPs were analyzed
by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Talos F200X, Thermo
Fisher) (Figure S1). The normal human hepatic
L02 cell line (Shanghai Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences) and the normal human lung epithelial
BEAS-2B cell line (ATCC, CRL-9609) were used in this study. L02 cells
were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s
medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1%
penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham,
MA). BEAS-2B cells were cultured in bronchial epithelial cell growth
basal medium supplemented with bronchial epithelial cell growth medium
(BEGM) SingleQuots supplements, growth factors, and MycoZap Plus-CL
(Lonza, Walkersville, MD). The two cell lines were maintained at 37
°C in a 95:5 air/CO₂ humid atmosphere.

The synthesized OMWCNT was characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) FEI Versa 3D dual beam from ThermoFisher Scientific, (Waltham, MA, USA) fitted with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) XFlash 6130 from Bruker, (USA) for morphological and elemental analysis of the synthesized MWCNT samples. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using FEI Talos F200X, ThermoFisher Scientific, (Billerica, MA, USA) was carried out on a small sample of OMWCNT suspension, which was allowed to dry on to a perforated carbon coated grid before imaging.
Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability and indirect analysis of adding carboxylic acid and other oxygen-containing functional groups was performed using a TGA 55, TA Instruments (New Castle, DE, USA). The samples were heated up to 800 °C at a ramp rate of 10 °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere.

The morphology was determined using transmission electron microscope (TEM) images (FEI Talos F200x, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). N₂ sorption analysis was used to measure the BET-specific surface area of the nanoparticles using an Autosorb iQ-MP (Quantachrome instrument, Boynton Beach, FL, USA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained in the 2θ range from 10° to 80° with Cu Kα1 radiation (1.5418 Å) using an RIGAKU, D/max-25 X-ray diffractometer at a scanning speed of 5°/min (Rigaku Corporation, Akishima City, Tokyo, Japan). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was applied to the infrared spectra (FTIR, Spectrum Two, Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere flowing at a heating rate 10 °C/min using a Rigaku, Thermo Plus EVO TG. Magnetic properties in the range from −20,000 to 20,000 Oe were measured at room temperature with a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer Model 7407 (VSM, Lakeshore Instrument Plant, Columbus, OH, USA). The concentration of Cr(VI) was determined at 350 nm using HPLC (U3000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with NH₄NO₃ as the mobile phase.