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17 protocols using crcl3

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles

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Silver nitrate (AgNO3), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), mercaptoundecanoic acid (11MUA), NiCl2, CoCl2, ZnCl2, CuCl2, MnCl2, CdCl2, FeCl2, HgCl2, PbCl2, and CrCl3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and used without further purification. All the glassware was washed with boiling aqua regia before being used. All the solutions were prepared using ultrapure water (18.2 µS/cm).
Plots, fittings, and statistical analysis were performed by using MatLab R2020b (The MathWorks, Inc, Natick, MA, USA).
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2

Chromium-Loaded CPMV Nanoparticle Purification

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CPMV nanoparticles were purified from Vigna unguiculata plants infected by mechanical inoculation using a 0.1 mg/mL solution of CPMV in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer. Yields of 1 mg/g of infected leaf material were obtained using established procedures.87 (link) For chromium loading, 5 mg/mL CPMV was incubated with 50 mM CrCl3 (Sigma Aldrich) and 30 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in 50 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7 overnight (~60,000-fold molar excess). The sample was then dialyzed against 10 mM HEPES buffer with 10 mM EDTA using 12–14 kDa molecular weight cut-off tubing (Spectrum Laboratories) over 3 days. Some precipitation from the presence of NaOH in the buffer was observed over time and removed by a clearing spin at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. The release profile was studied by taking aliquots of the sample over a period of 7 days; the amount of drug in the sample was then determined using ICP-OES (see below).
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3

Synthesis of ZnCr2Se4 Crystals

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To synthesise the ZnCr2Se4 single crystals doped with rhenium, the elements Zn, Re, Cr, and Se, and anhydrous CrCl3 (5N, Sigma Aldrich, Poznań, Poland) were applied.
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4

Pectin-based Emulsion Stabilization

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Unstandardised low-methoxyl (LM, GENU type ML-12 CG-Z), high-methoxyl (HM, GENU type B rapid set-Z) and sugar beet pectin (SBP, GENU BETA) were purchased from CPKelco (Lille Skensved, Denmark). Chloride salts used in emulsion preparation (CaCl2, MgCl2, ZnCl2, AlCl3, CrCl3 and FeCl3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). Medium chain triglyceride oil (MCT) was obtained from IOI Oleochemical (Witten, Germany), whereas orange oil and hexadecane were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). De-ionised water was used in all experiments. Molecular characteristics of pectins used in the present work are presented in Table S2.
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5

Trace Metal Ion Detection Protocol

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For all experiments, double deionized water was used. All chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade and used as received with no further purification, obtained from commercial sources. Urea, trisodium citrate, and boric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Fluorescein was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Ethanol (99.8%), hydrochloric acid (36–38%), Nitric acid (68–70%), NaOH, (NH4)2Fe(SO4), Fe(NO3)3, Mg(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, NiSO4, AgNO3, CrCl3, MnCl2, Cd(NO3)2, HgCl2, Co(NO3)2, NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, KI, KBr, Na2S, CH3COONa, D-glucose, Glycine, and Creatinine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The sera were from regular patients collected from Pediatric Teaching Hospital in the Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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6

Biodegradation of Diesel Oil under Heavy Metal Stress

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The biodegradation experiment was carried out in flasks with baffles and a stopper with a semi-permeable DURAN® membrane. The culture medium consisted of 50 mL of MSM mineral medium, 200 µL of TES solution, 2 g of diesel oil (PKN Orlen), and heavy metal salts: PbCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA), CdCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich), NiCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich), ZnCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich), CuCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich), and CrCl3 (Sigma-Aldrich). The systems contained a final concentration of 8.33(3) mg·L−1 (variant designated as M50) and 25 mg·L−1 (variant designated as M150 of each of the heavy metals. The cooperative effect of heavy metals was tested. The total amount of heavy metals in samples M50 and M150 was 50 mg·L−1 and 150 mg·L−1, respectively. The systems were inoculated with 250 μL of the microbial inoculum. Biodegradation was carried out for seven days under aerobic conditions at 25 °C.
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7

Synthesis of Inorganic Nanocrystals

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Cs2CO3 (99.9%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), oleic acid (OA, 85%), oleylamine (OAm, 70%), PbI2 (99.99%), ErI3 (99.99%), PbCl2 (99.9%), CrCl3 (99%), MnCl2 (99%), toluene, and ethyl acetate (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were used as starting materials without further purification.
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8

Synthesis of Graphite-Based Nanomaterials

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Graphite (Gt) flakes, H2SO4 (98%), H3PO4 (85%), H2O2 (30%) AgNO3, MB, CrCl3, MnCl2, FeCl2, NiCl2, and PVP (29, 40, 55 kg mol−1) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich; KMnO4, NaCl, and HCl (36%) from Rankem; petroleum ether (40–60) from SRL; absolute alcohol from Scvuksmandli Ltd India. The chemicals were used as received and the solutions were prepared in Milli-Q water of 0.5 × 10−7 scm−1 conductance.
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9

Chromium Compounds Preparation Protocol

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Chromium trioxide (CrO3) and chromium chloride (CrCl3) were purchased from Sigma. Stock solutions were freshly prepared before each experiment in sterile water. In all experiments, an equal volume of water was used as the vehicle control.
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10

Synthesis of Silica Monoliths for Chromium Detection

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Analytical grade chemicals were used. K2CrO4 (Mol wt 194.17 g mol−1) and CrCl3 (Mol wt 158.49 g mol−1) obtained from Sigma Aldrich were used as the precursors/sources of Cr(vi) and Cr(iii) respectively. Urea, glacial acetic acid, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) standard were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, which were used for the synthesis of silica monoliths without further purification. N-Phenyl acrylamide, NaOH, HCl (37%), NaNO3, H2O2, and KMnO4 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The reagents of Briton Robinson buffer, H3BO3 (China), H3PO4, and CH3COOH (Sigma Aldrich) were used for the desired pH adjustment of different solutions.
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