Dexamethasone 21 phosphate disodium salt

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt is a synthetic glucocorticoid compound used as a laboratory reagent. It serves as a biological research tool to study the effects of glucocorticoids in various experimental models.

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Close spelling variants of this product

Disodium phosphate (84 citations) Dexamethasone disodium phosphate (6 citations) Dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt (Dex) (6 citations) Dexamethasone phosphate (5 citations) Phosphate salts (4 citations) Dexamethasone-21-phosphate (3 citations) Dexamethasones (2 citations)

14 protocols using dexamethasone 21 phosphate disodium salt

Protein Assays and Reagent Sourcing

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Bradford Protein Assay Kit was obtained from BioRad (Hercules, CA, USA). Corticosterone EIA Kit was obtained from Enzo Life Sciences Inc (Farmingdale, NY, USA). MOG_35-55 was obtained from Proteimax Technology (São Paulo, SP, BR). Mycobacterium tuberculosis and dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Unless otherwise stated, the chemicals were from Sigma Aldrich.

dos Santos N., Novaes L.S., Dragunas G., Rodrigues J.R., Brandão W., Camarini R., Peron J.P, & Munhoz C.D. (2019). High dose of dexamethasone protects against EAE-induced motor deficits but impairs learning/memory in C57BL/6 mice. Scientific Reports, 9, 6673.

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Electrochemical Synthesis of Drug-Loaded Polypyrrole Films

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Drug containing PPy films were grown potentiostatically onto the device electrodes using a Bio-Logic SP-150 potentiostat. The dexamethasone electrosynthesis solution consisted of 0.2 M Pyrrole (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) and 0.02 M dexamethasone 21 phosphate disodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, used as received) in Milli-Q water of 18 MΩ/cm resistivity. The Indomethacine electrosynthesis solution consisted of 0.2 M Pyrrole and 0.01 M Indomethacin (Sigma-Aldrich) in acetonitrile. The acetylsalicylic acid electrosynthesis solution consisted of 0.2 M Pyrrole (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) and 0.02 M acetylsalicylic acid (Sigma-Aldrich,) in Milli-Q water. The films were synthesized by applying a constant current of 0.1 mA for Indomethacin and 1 mA for acetylsalicylic acid and dexamethasone each for 10 minutes between the drug release electrode and the counter electrode. For drug release experiments, the counter and working electrodes were reversed. The amount of released DEX, ASA and Indomethacin was quantified by absorbance at 242 nm, 298 nm and 318 nm, respectively using an infinite M200 Pro plate reader (TECAN).

Feiner R., Wertheim L., Gazit D., Kalish O., Mishal G., Shapira A, & Dvir T. (2019). A Stretchable and Flexible Cardiac Tissue-Electronics Hybrid Enabling Multiple Drug Release, Sensing and Stimulation. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 15(14), e1805526.

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Dexamethasone-induced Cystatin C Dynamics

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Wild-type BALB/c and C57BL/6J were treated with a single high dose (20 mg/kg) of dexamethasone given intraperitoneally (IP) at 9a.m. Dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt (Sigma) was dissolved in PBS and filter sterilized prior to injection. Tail vein samples were taken 24- and 48-h following IP dosing, and plasma levels of CyC were determined with Mouse Cystatin C ELISA Kit (ab119590), Abcam.

Kleeman S.O., Thakir T.M., Demestichas B., Mourikis N., Loiero D., Ferrer M., Bankier S., Riazat-Kesh Y.J., Lee H., Chantzichristos D., Regan C., Preall J., Sinha S., Rosin N., Yipp B., de Almeida L.G., Biernaskie J., Dufour A., Tober-Lau P., Ruusalepp A., Bjorkegren J.L., Ralser M., Kurth F., Demichev V., Heywood T., Gao Q., Johannsson G., Koelzer V.H., Walker B.R., Meyer H.V, & Janowitz T. (2023). Cystatin C is glucocorticoid responsive, directs recruitment of Trem2+ macrophages, and predicts failure of cancer immunotherapy. Cell Genomics, 3(8), 100347.

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Antibiotic and Glucocorticoid Effects on Mice

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Pregnant females and new born mice were treated with streptomycin 5g/L, ampicillin 1g/L and colistin 1g/L (Sigma-Aldrich) into drinking water with 3% sucrose. Control mice were given 3% sucrose in drinking water as previously described^{38 (link)}. Dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt (200 μg) (Sigma) or PBS was injected intraperitoneally at ZT0. After 4, 8, 12 and 23 hours (ZT 4, 8, 12 and 23) mice were sacrificed and analysed.

Godinho-Silva C., Domingues R.G., Rendas M., Raposo B., Ribeiro H., Alves da Silva J., Vieira A., Costa R.M., Morais-Barbosa N.L., Carvalho T, & Veiga-Fernandes H. (2019). Light-entrained and brain-tuned circadian circuits regulate ILC3 and gut homeostasis. Nature, 574(7777), 254-258.

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Glucocorticoid Regulation of Behavior

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The first day of injection (d-2) preceded the surgery by two days and the injections were repeated daily until the end of experimentation at d4 or d21. The groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of either dexamethasone, a GR agonist (dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/d dissolved in sterile saline 0.9%, or RU-486, a GR antagonist (mifepristone, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), at a dose of 4 mg/kg/d liquefied in olive oil containing 1% ethanol. The control group was treated either with olive oil containing 1% ethanol (8 animals) or saline 0.9% (9 animals). Since these two control groups did not differ in their results, we pooled the data. The daily injected volume was 0.2 ml. Injections were always performed at the same hour (10 am), 30 min before starting the behavioral tests.

Le Coz G.M., Anton F, & Hanesch U. (2014). Glucocorticoid-Mediated Enhancement of Glutamatergic Transmission May Outweigh Anti-Inflammatory Effects under Conditions of Neuropathic Pain. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e91393.

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Investigating DHF-Mediated Otoprotection

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Mice were given a 4 ml/kg intraperitoneal injection of DHF (5 mg/kg) dissolved in the vehicle (18 % DMSO in PBS solution) 2 h prior to noise trauma. For in vitro treatments, two protocols were used for the treatment of cochlear explants: 1) DHF day-night experiments (Figure 3D–F): Cochlear explants were exposed to DMSO vehicle or DHF 60 μM either at ZT 3 or ZT12. Dexamethasone 21 phosphate disodium salt (Sigma Aldrich, D1159) was applied on day 4. 2) DHF/ANA12 experiments (Figure 3G–I): Cochlear explants were pre-exposed on day 0 and day 2 with DMSO vehicle or ANA12 (Sigma Aldrich, SML0209) at ZT 4. On day 3 the explants were co-treated with DHF (Tocris, 3826) and vehicle or ANA12 at ZT 4.

Meltser I., Cederroth C.R., Basinou V., Savelyev S., Lundkvist G.S, & Canlon B. (2014). TrkB mediated protection against circadian sensitivity to noise trauma in the murine cochlea. Current biology : CB, 24(6), 658-663.

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Antibiotic and Glucocorticoid Effects on Mice

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Antiemetic Agents Formulation Protocol

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Ondansetron hydrochloride d-hydrate, dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt, and D-mannitol were from Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Cisplatin (1 mg/ml in 0.1% mannitol in saline) was from David Bull Laboratories, Mulgrave, VIC, Australia. Palonosetron hydrochloride, aprepitant and netupitant were from Helsinn Advanced Synthesis SA, Switzerland. Ondansetron, dexamethasone, and palonosetron were dissolved in distilled water. Netupitant was dissolved in 0.3% Tween 80 in Saline (0.9% w/v). Aprepitant was dissolved in a solution of ethanol:propylene glycol:distilled water in the ratio of 1:6:3. Doses are expressed as the free base and dosing volumes were 1 ml/kg.

Rudd J.A., Ngan M.P., Lu Z., Higgins G.A., Giuliano C., Lovati E, & Pietra C. (2016). Profile of Antiemetic Activity of Netupitant Alone or in Combination with Palonosetron and Dexamethasone in Ferrets and Suncus murinus (House Musk Shrew). Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7, 263.

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Osteogenic Differentiation Protocol

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For osteogenic differentiation, 1 × 10⁵ cells/well were seeded into a 6-well plate and incubated at 5% CO₂ and 37 °C for 1 day. On the next day, media were exchanged. Control cells received the cell-line-specific medium, while the tested cells got osteogenic differentiation medium consisting of DMEM (Pan Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany) supplemented with 10% FCS (FCS; Biochrom GmbH, Berlin, Germany), 100 U/mL penicillin, 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), 100 nM dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), 10 mM β-glycerol phosphate (Merck, Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) and 50 µM L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany). The medium was replaced two times per week, and cells were cultured for 21 days at 5% CO₂ and 37 °C. Afterward, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) and stained with Alizarin Red S (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) for 30 min at RT and washed 3 times with aqua destillata (A. dest.).

Dörnen J., Myklebost O, & Dittmar T. (2020). Cell Fusion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Breast Cancer Cells Leads to the Formation of Hybrid Cells Exhibiting Diverse and Individual (Stem Cell) Characteristics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(24), 9636.

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Electrochemical Characterization of Pyrrole Derivatives

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Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals and consumables were used as received without further purification. Pyrrole (Py, 98% reagent grade), meropenem trihydrate (MER) United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt (DMP), phosphate-buffered saline tablets (PBS, pH 7.4), and indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass electrodes were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate (>99%) and potassium ferricyanide (>99%) were supplied by Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH, USA).

Shah S.A., Firlak M., Berrow S.R., Halcovitch N.R., Baldock S.J., Yousafzai B.M., Hathout R.M, & Hardy J.G. (2018). Electrochemically Enhanced Drug Delivery Using Polypyrrole Films. Materials, 11(7), 1123.

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