α melanocyte stimulating hormone α msh

n-Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol, ethanol, and methanol were obtained from OCI (SEL, KR). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (for total phenolics), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO, exclusive solvent for NMR), mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), and ascorbic acid were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents used were of analytical grade. Phospho-CREB (p-CREB), phospho-PKA (p-PKA), AMPK, p-AKT, AKT, p-mTOR, mTOR, Becline, and LC3B were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies against tyrosinase (TYR), TRP-1, TRP-2, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), CREB, PKA, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse, anti-goat, and anti-rabbit antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA).

2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (for total phenolics), dimethyl sulfoxide-d₆ (DMSO), mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), and ascorbic acid were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents used were of analytical grade. Phospho-CREB (p-CREB) and phospho-PKA (p-PKA) were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies against tyrosinase (TYR), TRP-1, TRP-2, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), CREB, PKA, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse, anti-goat, and anti-rabbit antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA).