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7 protocols using hydrochloric acid (hcl)

1

Synthesizing Porous Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures

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Titanium tetraisopropoxide
(TTIP) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals. Tween-80 (templating
agent) was purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., India. Tungstic oxide
(WO3), isopropyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, methyl orange
powder, methylene blue powder, and rhodamine B powder were obtained
from SD Fine Chemicals, India. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
were purchased from SRL Chemicals, India. Crab shells were obtained
from a seafood market (Chennai). During the synthesis, Milli-Q water
was used.
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2

Synthesis of Solketal Derivatives

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Solketal (DL – 1,2 – Isopropylidineglycerol), ferulic acid, vinyl acetate and 11-bromoundecanoic acid were purchased from Sigma. Potassium hydroxide, mercuric acetate, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, silica gel for column chromatography were purchased from SRL chemicals, merck, Avera, Advent and Acme Synthetic Chemicals, Mumbai, India respectively. All solvents were procured from Merck and were of highest grade of purity. Immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (CAL‐B) was procured from Novozymes Bagsvaerd, Denmark).
The proton NMR spectra were recorded on Varian 500/300 and 125/75 MHz instrument and TMS was used as an internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded using electron spray ionization on Waters e2695 Seperators module (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) mass spectrometer. Infra red (IR) spectra were recorded using a Perkin‐Elmer Fourier transform (FT)‐IR Spectrum BX instrument (Model: Spectrum BX; Connecticut, USA). All the synthesized compounds were purified by silica gel (60–120 mesh) column chromatography (Acme Synthetic Chemicals, Mumbai, India) and were identified by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). TLC was performed on precoated silica gel 60 F254 from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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3

Characterization of P. monodon Shells

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P. monodon (Fabricius, 1798) shells were collected from the Estuary of Southeast coast of Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India. Sodium hydroxide, Acetone, Ethanol and Hydrochloric acid used were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India, and Dialysis membrane was purchased from HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India. Methylene Blue, Bromophenol Blue and Coomassie Brilliant Blue were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, USA.
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4

Selenophene Bromination with Copper Oxide

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Selenophene, bromine (Br2), anhydrous methanol (MeOH), copper(ii) oxide (CuO) and anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Zinc powder (Zn), acetic acid (AcOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium iodide (KI), ethylene glycol and toluene were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories, Mumbai, India. For chromatography separations, columns were prepared using silica gel (mesh size 60–230). TBAClO4, TBAPF6, TBABF4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and dried under vacuum before use. MeCN and PC were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. All the materials were used as received without any purification unless otherwise mentioned.
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5

Calcium-Phosphate-Gelatin Biomaterial Synthesis

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Calcium oxide powder, orthophosphoric
acid (H3PO4), ammonia solution, and hydrochloric
acid were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (SRL),
gelatin was purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., and acrylic acid
was purchased from Central Drug House Pvt. Ltd. All were of analytical
grade.
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6

Graphite-based Immunomodulatory Nanocomposite

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Graphite powder, 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Nhydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ethanol were obtained from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt Ltd, (Mumbai, India). Chitosan (CS) was purchased from Marine Hydrocolloid (Kerala), Xyloglucan extracted from Tamarind seed powder was obtained as a gift sample from Indra Agrotech Private Ltd (Maharashtra, India). Brown seaweed Sargassum wightii was collected from Mandapam in the Gulf of Mannar. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), DMEM medium, antibiotics were purchased from HiMedia, India. A human histiocytic lymphoma (U 937) cell was obtained from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India. All other reagents used in this research were of analytical quality.
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7

Comprehensive Chemical Reagents for Analytical Procedures

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Various chemicals of analytical
grade like hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sodium tungstate (Na2WO4·2H2O), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), ammonium
molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24), ferric chloride (FeCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium
ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), potassium permanganate
(KMnO4), sodium phosphate buffer, sulfosalicylic acid,
trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) were obtained from Sisco Research Laboratory
(Mumbai, India). Liquified phenol, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
acid (ABTS), boron trifluoride-methanol (BF3-methanol),
tannic acid, gallic acid, rutin, aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and heptadecanoic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Bangalore,
India). 2,2-Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,
bovine serum albumin, methyl orange indicator, calcium chloride, phytic
acid, folin-Ciocalteau’s reagent, and ascorbic acid were obtained
from Hi-Media Labs, Mumbai, India. Solvents like acetone, n-hexane,
methanol, and absolute ethanol were procured from Merck (Mumbai, India).
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