Phosphatidylglycerol

Manufactured by Avanti Polar Lipids

Sourced in United States

Phosphatidylglycerol is a type of phospholipid that is a key component of cell membranes. It plays a crucial role in the structural integrity and function of various biological systems.

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Lab products found in correlation

32 protocols using phosphatidylglycerol

Lipidomic Analysis of Spirulina

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Lipid analysis of dry spirulina was performed by Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Modified Bligh and Dyer extractions (Bligh and Dyer 1959) were performed with EquiSPLASH™ Lipidomix™, and Lipidyzer™ standards (Avanti Polar Lipids), and different chain lengths of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol (Avanti Polar Lipids) were added as internal standards (IS). Total lipids were dried then resolvated in 1 mL of 1:1 methylene chloride:methanol. Samples were injected in triplicate without dilution for LC-MS analysis. The methodology used was hydrophophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which separates lipids into classes and subclasses that span a narrow retention time window (Hines et al. 2017) . A standard of 18:1 cholesterol ester was used as an IS for stigmasterols and brassicasterols. Data are presented as ng/mg of sample. Values were calculated using a point calibration determined by multiplying area ratio averages for the analyte to IS and multiplying by the concentration of IS.

Ricigliano V., & Simone-Finstrom M. (2020). Nutritional and prebiotic efficacy of the microalga Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) in honey bees. Apidologie, 51(5), 898-910.

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Lipid Hydrolysis Assay with rABH

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DAG, PC, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, PtdIns, PtdIns3P, phosphatidyl inositol 3,4 bis-phosphate (PtdIns3,4P(2)), phosphatidyl inositol triphosphate (PtdIns3,4,5P(3)) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabama) and D-L-α-palmitin (1-MG) from Sigma. Hundred micrograms of lipid was incubated with 8 μM rABH proteins in TT buffer at 37 °C for time indicated. FFA was measured using the Wako Diagnostics HR Series NEFA-HR(2) colorimetric assay according to manufacturer's instructions and the specific activity was calculated using the NEFA standard solution.

Agarwal S., Kim H., Chan R.B., Agarwal S., Williamson R., Cho W., Paolo G.D, & Satchell K.J. (2015). Autophagy and endosomal trafficking inhibition by Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-specific phospholipase A1 activity. Nature Communications, 6, 8745.

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Lipid Binding Assay for SAD-A Protein

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Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) was purchased from Echelon Biosciences, and phosphatidic acid was purchased from Larodan Fine Chemicals. The phospholipids were dissolved in methanol/chloroform/water (2:1:0.8, v/v/v), and 0.5 nmol of each phospholipid was spotted and air-dried on immobilon-NC membrane (Millipore). The membrane was blocked with 4% BSA for 1 h at room temperature, and then incubated with GST-tagged SAD-A proteins for 4 h at 4 °C. After extensive washing with PBS buffer, the bound proteins were detected by immunoblotting analysis with an anti-GST antibody (1:5,000; Sigma-Aldrich, G1160).

Wu J.X., Cheng Y.S., Wang J., Chen L., Ding M, & Wu J.W. (2015). Structural insight into the mechanism of synergistic autoinhibition of SAD kinases. Nature Communications, 6, 8953.

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Comprehensive Lipidomics Analytical Protocol

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IPA, MeOH, 1-BuOH, heptane, formic acid, and H₂O were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). EtOAc was obtained from VWR (Randor, PA, USA). MTBE was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All solvents were HPLC grade or higher. Ammonium formate was obtained from Optima (Douglas, GA, USA). The composition of the used stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SIL-ISTD) mixture is listed in Table 1. ISTD belonging to (lyso)PC, (lyso)PE, phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), CE, sphingomyelins (SM), monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), and TG classes were obtained as a mixture (Splash) from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). AcCa, acylethanolamines (AEA), Sph, Cer, and coenzyme Q (CoQ) standards were purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), while the GlcCer standard was obtained from Avanti.

Omar A.M, & Zhang Q. (2023). Evaluation of Lipid Extraction Protocols for Untargeted Analysis of Mouse Tissue Lipidome. Metabolites, 13(9), 1002.

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Antifungal Efficacy of Membrane Modulators

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Competition assays with exogenous ergosterol and phospholipids were performed as previously described^[⁶³^] with modifications. C. albicans cell suspensions (≈10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹) were prepared as described for time‐kill assays to which increasing concentrations (up to 100 µg mL⁻¹) of exogenous ergosterol or the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, or cardiolipin (Avanti Polar Lipids, AL, USA) were added. Increasing concentrations of MM were then added to each ergosterol‐ and phospholipid‐treated sample. After a 30‐min dark incubation, the samples were irradiated with 405‐nm light (87.6 J cm⁻²) as previously described. Buffered RPMI 1640 medium was then added to the irradiated samples. After incubation at 30 °C for 48 h, samples were examined for growth to determine the MM MIC.

Santos A.L., Beckham J.L., Liu D., Li G., van Venrooy A., Oliver A., Tegos G.P, & Tour J.M. (2023). Visible‐Light‐Activated Molecular Machines Kill Fungi by Necrosis Following Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Calcium Overload. Advanced Science, 10(10), 2205781.

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Lipid Standards for Analytical Chemistry

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Lipid standards including phosphatidylcholine (PC) 16:0/18:1 (9Z), PC 18:1 (9Z)/16:0, PC 18:1 (9Z)/18:1 (9Z), PC 18:1 (6Z)/18:1 (6Z), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 18:1 (9Z)/18:1 (9Z), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) 18:1 (9Z), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 18:0/18:1 (9Z), phosphatidic acid (PA) 16:0/18:1 (9Z), phosphatidylserine (PS) 16:0/18:1 (9Z) and ceramide (Cer) d18:1/16:0 were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (AL, USA). Fatty acids including FA 18:1 (9Z), FA 18:1 (9E), FA 18:1 (6Z), FA 18:1 (11Z), FA 20:1 (11Z), FA 20:1 (11E), FA 18:2 (9Z, 12Z) and arachidonic acid FA 18:4 (5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z), and triacylglycerol (TG) 18:1 (9Z)/18:1 (9Z)/18:1 (9Z) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Other solvents were purchased from Innochem (Beijing, China) and meet or exceed the analytical grade standard. The structures of all pure lipids are shown in Fig. S1 and S2.† Anthraquinone was purchased from Rhawn (Shanghai, China).

Feng G., Hao Y., Wu L, & Chen S. (2020). A visible-light activated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction enables pinpointing carbon–carbon double bonds in lipids. Chemical Science, 11(27), 7244-7251.

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Thin-Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Borrelia Lipids

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Lipids from B. burgdorferi were extracted using chloroform-methanol (1:2) (70 (link)) and were spotted on a high-performance TLC silica plate (EM Separations), followed by resolution with a chloroform-methanol (85:15) mobile phase, drying, and staining with iodine vapor. The standards included phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol (Avanti Polar Lipids), and cholesterol (Sigma). Known R_f values from identical solvent systems (11 (link), 12 (link)) were also used to determine lipid identity.

Toledo A., Crowley J.T., Coleman J.L., LaRocca T.J., Chiantia S., London E, & Benach J.L. (2014). Selective Association of Outer Surface Lipoproteins with the Lipid Rafts of Borrelia burgdorferi. mBio, 5(2), e00899-14.

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Lipid Standards for Analytical Assays

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The internal standards (d5-17:0/17:1/17:0) TG, 15:0 lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), (19:0/19:0) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), 13:0 lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), d18:1/6:0 sphingomyelin (SM), (17:0/17:0) phosphatidylserine (PS), and (17:0/17:0) phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA, 99%). A fifty-two fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) solution was obtained from NU-CHEK-PREP Co., Ltd. (Elysian, MN, USA, ≥99%). Porcine pancreatin (4 × USP, CAS: 8049-47-6) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cholesterol standard (CAS: 57-88-5, ≥99.5%) was obtained from Beijing Dingguo Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Sodium cholate (CAS: 361-09-1, 98%) was obtained from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China). Silica gel G TLC plate was purchased from Bangkai (Jining, China). All analytical solvents (methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), CHCl_3, CH₃OH, n-hexane, etc.) used herein were high performance liquid chromatography or analytical reagent grade.

Wu D., Zhang L., Zhang Y., Shi J., Tan C.P., Zheng Z, & Liu Y. (2023). Lipid Profiles of Human Milk and Infant Formulas: A Comparative Lipidomics Study. Foods, 12(3), 600.

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Comprehensive Lipidomics Analytical Standards

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HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), and isopropanol (IPA) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, U.S.A. HPLC-grade methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ammonium formate, and formic acid were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Ultrapure water was obtained by a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA). SPLASH internal standards (330707, SPLASH™ Lipidomix Mass Spec Standards) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, U.S.A.), including lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) 18:1 (d7), 25 μg/ml; lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) 18:1 (d7), 5 μg/ml; phosphatidylcholine (PC) 15:0-18:1 (d7), 160 μg/ml; phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 15:0-18:1 (d7), 5 μg/ml; phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 15:0-18:1 (d7), 30 μg/ml; phosphatidylserine (PS) 15:0-18:1(d7), 5 μg/ml; phosphatidylinositol (PI) 15:0-18:1 (d7), 10 μg/ml; phosphatidic acid (PA) 15:0-18:1 (d7), 7 μg/ml; sphingomyelin (SM) d18:1-18:1 (d9), 30 μg/ml; cholesterol (d7), 100 μg/ml; ceramide (Cer) 18:1 (d7), 350 μg/ml; monoglyceride (MG) 18:1 (d7), 2 μg/ml; diglyceride (DG) 15:0-18:1 (d7), 10 μg/ml; and triglyceride (TG) 15:0-18:1 (d7)-15:0, 55 μg/ml

Bai Y., Huang W., Li Y., Lai C., Huang S., Wang G., He Y., Hu L, & Chen C. (2021). Lipidomic alteration of plasma in cured COVID-19 patients using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Bioscience Reports, 41(3), BSR20204305.

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Comprehensive Lipid Standards for Mass Spectrometry

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Ammonium acetate and all analytical grade solvents (formic acid, chloroform, and methanol) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). All mobile phase solvents were Fisher Optima LC/MS grade (acetonitrile, isopropanol, and water). For Red Cross plasma the following lipid standards were used: triacylglycerol (TG(15:0/15:0/15:0) and TG(17:0/17:0/17:0)) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and lyso phosphatidylcholine (LPC(17:0) and LPC(19:0)), phosphatidylcholine (PC(17:0/17:0) and PC(19:0/19:0)), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE(15:0/15:0) and PE(17:0/17:0)), phosphatidylserine (PS(14:0/14:0) and PS(17:0/17:0)), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG(14:0/14:0) and PG(17:0/17:0)) purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, Alabama). For substantia nigra samples the following standards were used: TG(15:0/15:0/15:0) from Sigma-Aldrich, and PC(19:0/19:0), DG(14:0/14:0), SM(d18:1/17:0), Cer(d18:1/17:0), ¹³C₂-cholesterol, PE(15:0/15:0), LPC(19:0), PG(14:0/14:0), and PS(14:0/14:0) purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. All lipid standards were diluted prior to analysis in 1:2 (v/v) chloroform:methanol and a working 100 mg/L standard mix was then prepared by diluting the stock solution with the same solvent mixture.

Koelmel J.P., Kroeger N.M., Gill E.L., Ulmer C.Z., Bowden J.A., Patterson R.E., Yost R.A, & Garrett T.J. (2017). Expanding lipidome coverage using LC-MS/MS data-dependent acquisition with automated exclusion list generation. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 28(5), 908-917.

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