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Alexa flour 488 goat anti rabbit igg

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Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG is a secondary antibody conjugated with the Alexa Fluor 488 fluorescent dye. It is used to detect and visualize primary antibodies raised in rabbits in various immunoassays and imaging applications.

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33 protocols using alexa flour 488 goat anti rabbit igg

1

In vitro Chlamydia Neutralization Assay

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The in vitro neutralization assay was performed to test the vaccine-induced serum antibodies’ capacity to neutralize Chlamydia infection of HaK cells in vitro. The assay principally followed the protocol previously described (44 (link)). First, serum samples from individual animals were incubated at 56°C for 30 minutes to inactivate complement. Chlamydia stock (SvD, SvE and SvF) was mixed and incubated with serial dilutions of inactivated serum from each of the vaccinated animals for 30 minutes and then inoculated onto a monolayer of HaK cells in 96-well flat-bottom plates in duplicates. Following 30 hours of incubation, cells and inclusions were fixated and visualized with polyclonal rabbit anti-Ct043 serum and fluorescence labeled secondary antibody (Alexa Flour 488, goat-anti-rabbit IgG, A11008, Life Technologies) in the dilution 1:500. Counting of inclusions was performed manually in 20 fields of view at 40x magnification (Olympus IX71 inverted fluorescence microscope). Neutralization was calculated as the percentage reduction in the mean number of IFUs compared to a pool of sera from control group animals (naïve).
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2

Immunofluorescence Analysis of β-Catenin

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Immunofluorescence analysis was performed with CHIR- and DMSO-treated HEC251 cells. Cells grown on microscope slides were rinsed in Dulbecco’s PBS and then fixed in Bouin’s fixative (Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 min. The cells were incubated with the primary antibody against polyclonal β-catenin (S4 Table) over-night in a humidified chamber at 4°C. After washing, the cells were incubated with the secondary antibody (Alexa-Flour 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG; Life Technologies) in a humidified chamber for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, the cells were mounted with Vetashield HardSet Mounting Medium supplemented with DAPI (Vector Laboratories). Images acquisition was performed using Olympus FluoView FV1200 (Olympus).
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3

Chick DRG Neurite Outgrowth on Substrates

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Chick dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were isolated from chicken eggs at development day E8. Immediately following isolation we seeded the chick DRG onto PDL-coated tendon samples, PDL-coated collagen gel and PDL-coated TCPS, and incubated them in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS and 10ng/ml neurotrophin-3 (NT-3, Sigma). The DRG were cultured for 3, 5 or 7 days and then fixed and immunostained to determine morphology. We fixed the chick DRG in 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (Sigma) for 15 minutes and then permeabilized them with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (Sigma) for 5 minutes. After blocking with 2% (v/v) goat serum solution for 45 minutes, we incubated the cells were with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. The following antibodies were used for the staining: primary anti-β-tubulin-III (T2200, Sigma) (1:250) and secondary antibodies Alexa Flour 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (Life Technologies) (1:500). After washing with PBS, we added secondary antibodies and then incubated for 45min covered, followed by 3 washes with PBS for 15min each.
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4

Quantitative Analysis of Sox2 Expression

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Five micrometers patient-derived xenograft paraffin-embedded tissues were deparaffinized in xylene and processed through a graded series of alcohol concentrations. Antigen retrieval was performed at 95–100 °C for 10 min in citrate buffer pH 6.0. Samples were then incubated with blocking solution (1% BSA, 0.2% Triton 100X, and 5% goat animal serum in 1x TRIS-buffered saline) for 45 min at the room temperature followed by overnight incubation in primary antibody, rabbit anti-human polyclonal Sox2 antibody (1:100, Abcam #97959) at 4 °C. The next day samples were washed in 1XTBS and treated with secondary antibody, Alexa Flour 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:200, Life Technologies), for 2 h at the room temperature. Slides were then washed extensively with 1XTBS and counterstained with prolong gold anti-fade mountant with DAPI (Life technologies). Images were acquired using Olympus microscope and Volocity software. Nuclei from 20 high power fields were counted and positivity for Sox2 marker expression was quantified and expressed as % positive cells.
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5

Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Vascular Proteins

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Immunofluorescence was performed as previously described by Caliceti et al. (2013) (link). Primary antibodies used were VE-cadherin (F-8) (1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and Notch4 (H-225) (1:100). The secondary antibody used were Alexa Flour 546 Rabbit Anti-Mouse IgG (1:500; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) and Alexa Flour 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (1:500; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Images were acquired on laser confocal microscope Zeiss LSM 510 (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) (40 × magnification).
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6

Immunofluorescence staining of cellular proteins

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Cells were cultured overnight on poly-L-lysine (Life Technologies) coated glass coverslips in 24-well plates. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (Calbiochem) for 10 min and permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 20 min as previously described [104 (link)]. For labelling with Grp78 antibody cells were fixed with ice-cold 100% methanol for five min. After permeabilization, cells were then incubated in blocking solution (PBS with 1% BSA) for 1 h at 37°C. Primary antibodies anti-Hsc70 (diluted 1:200), anti-iHsp70 (1:50), anti-Grp78 (1:50), anti-RNAPII (CTD4H8) (1:500) or rabbit RTA (1:1,000) were incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Coverslips were washed five times with PBS, incubated with appropriate secondary antibody for 1 h at 37°C, washed five times with PBS again and mounted in VECTASHIELD with DAPI (Vector Labs). Images were obtained using a LSM 510 META confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss) and processed using ZEN 2009 imaging software (Carl Zeiss) as previously described [105 (link)]. Fluorescently-conjugated secondary antibodies were all obtained from Life Technologies: Alexa Flour 633 goat anti-mouse IgG, Alexa Flour 488 goat anti-mouse IgG, Alexa Flour 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG, Alexa Flour 546 donkey anti-mouse IgG and Alexa Flour 546 goat anti-rabbit IgG.
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7

In vitro Neutralization Assay for Vaccine Evaluation

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An in vitro neutralization assay using serum from day 85 was performed to evaluate the protective capacity of the vaccine-induced antibodies. The assay principally followed the protocol described in (37 (link)). The secondary antibody (Alexa Flour 488, goat-anti-rabbit IgG, A11008, Life Technologies) was added in the dilution 1:500. The evaluation in the fluorescence microscope was performed by quantifying the number of inclusions in 20 fields of view at 40× magnification (Olympus IX71 inverted microscope). Neutralization was calculated as the percentage reduction in the number of IFU compared to the sera from control group animals (2*Adj.).
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8

Insulin and Glucagon Immunofluorescence in Pancreatic Islets

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The primary polyclonal rabbit anti-insulin antibody was from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom), and the primary polyclonal rabbit anti-glucagon antibody was from Dako (Carpinteria, CA, USA). The secondary antibody Alexa Flour 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG was from Life Technologies (Rockville, MD, USA). Poly-l-lysine, diazoxide, glutamic acid, and HEPES were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Life Technologies-Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). The insulin and SSTR-2 antagonists S961 and PRL2903 were kind gifts from Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark, and Dr. D. H. Coy (Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA), respectively. Adenovirus encoding the fluorescent ATP biosensor construct Perceval (26 (link)) was used according to a published method (29 (link)). Superfusion and batch incubation of islets were made with experimental medium containing 138 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgCl2, 1.3 or 2.6 (hormone release) mM CaCl2, 3 mM glucose, 0.5 mg/ml BSA, and 25 mM HEPES with pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH.
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9

Immunohistochemical Labeling of c-Fos and OXT Neurons

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A fluorescent protein was used to label c‐Fos protein using the immunohistochemical staining method described in previous reports (Motojima et al., 2016; Ueno et al., 2018, 2019). The second group of sections mentioned above was incubated for 5 days at 4°C with a primary anti‐Fos antibody solution (#sc‐52; rabbit, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA; 1:500 in phosphate‐buffered saline [PBS]). After washing for 20 min, the sections were treated with a secondary antibody solution for 2 hr (Alexa Flour 488 goat anti‐rabbit IgG; #A11035; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA; 1:1,000 in PBS).
The expression of Fos‐IR in cells labeled by green fluorescence was photographed by a fluorescence microscope using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) filter (Nikon). Then, the expression of OXT‐mRFP1 labeled by red fluorescence in the same section was also photographed, and these two images were merged using an image analysis system. The examination for the percentage of Fos‐IR expression in the OXT‐mRFP1‐positive cells enabled estimation of OXT neuronal activity in the mPVN, dpPVN, and SON.
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10

Intracellular Localization of MTP-LRS-UNE-L

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The MTP‐LRS‐UNE‐L or M12‐LRS‐UNE‐L were added to C2C12 myoblasts or HEK293 cells for the specified time in growth media (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium containing 4.5 g/L glucose with 10% foetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin–streptomycin), as indicated in figure legends. For FACS analysis, the cells were washed twice with PBS and then incubated with APC anti‐DYKDDK tag (637308; Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA) for 60 min at room temperature without or with permeabilization of the cell membrane using a Cell Fixation and Permeabilization kit (ab185917; Abcam, Cambridge, UK). After washing with PBS, the cells were analysed by flow cytometry (BD FACS Calibur; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), and intracellular levels of MTP‐LRS‐UNE‐L or M12‐LRS‐UNE‐L were analysed. For M12‐LRS‐UNE‐L staining in C2C12 cells, the cells were washed twice with PBS, fixed in 10% formaldehyde, and permeabilized in 0.1% Triton X‐100. After the cells were blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin in PBS, the cells were subjected to intracellular staining with anti‐Flag at 4°C overnight. The cells were incubated with Alexa Flour 488 goat anti‐rabbit IgG (A11034, Molecular Probes, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Fluorescent images of cells were captured using a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope 700 (LSM 700, Carl Zeiss) equipped with an LSM T‐PMT camera (Carl Zeiss, LSM 700).
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