Explorer w

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to characterize body composition. An extended analysis program for body composition (Hologic Explorer-W, fan-beam densitometer, software QDR for windows version 12.4, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to determine whole body fat mass and lean soft tissue. The same technician positioned the participants, performed the scans, and completed the scan analysis according to the operator’s manual using the standard analysis protocol.

DXA was performed according to the standard procedures recommended by the manufacturer and described elsewhere [21 (link)] on a Hologic Explorer-W, fan-beam densitometer (Hologic, Waltham, MA, USA) to obtain total whole-body FM and FFM.

Participants’ weight and height were measured to the nearest 0.01 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively, on an electronic scale with stadiometer (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) according to the standardized procedures [20 ]. A whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic Explorer-W, Waltham, USA) was used to estimate total body fat.

Patients were weighed on an electronic scale, to the nearest 0.01 kg while wearing minimal clothes (Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a stadiometer (Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Waist circumference was taken according to the standardized procedures of the National Institute of Health [26 ].
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic Explorer-W, Waltham, USA) was used to assess regional and total body fat, following standardized protocols and procedures set out by the manufacturer. Whole-body fat index (WBFI) and abdominal fat index (AFI) were calculated by dividing the total and abdominal fat mass by the square of the height (kg/m²).

Body mass was measured with the participants wearing lightweight clothes and no shoes. Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a calibrated digital scale (TANITA^® BF-350 scale, Arlington Heights, IL, USA). Height was also measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer at the first testing session (standing digital scale/height rod attached). Subsequently, each participant was scanned with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (total body scan) to estimate fat mass, fat-free mass and % body fat (fan-beam mode, software version 5.67, enhanced whole body analysis, Hologic Explorer-W, Waltham, MA, USA). Skeletal muscle mass was also estimated using the following formula: skeletal muscle mass (kg) = 1.19 × appendicular lean soft tissue (kg) − 1.65 [20 (link)]. Based on test–retest measures including 10 participants (other than the ones included in this study), the coefficient of variation for fat mass and fat-free mass in our laboratory is 1.7 and 0.8%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) obtained for these respective variables were 0.997 and 0.999.

Body mass was measured using a calibrated digital scale (TANITA^® BF-350 body composition analyzer, Arlington Heights, IL, USA). Height was measured only at baseline using a stadiometer (standing digital scale/height rod attached). Body mass index was then calculated by dividing the participants’ mass in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. We used DXA to estimate % body fat (BF), FFM, and FM. Testing was performed with a total body scanner (fan-beam mode, software version 5.67, enhanced whole-body analysis, Hologic Explorer-W, Waltham, MA, USA). Based on test-retest measures including 10 participants (other than the ones included in this study), the coefficient of variation for FM and FFM in our laboratory is 1.7 and 0.8%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients obtained for these respective variables were 0.997 and 0.999 [28 (link)].

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Hologic Explorer-W, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to determine the total fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). A whole-body scan was performed, and the attenuation of X-rays pulsed between 70 and 140 kV synchronously with the line frequency for each pixel of the scanned image was measured. In our laboratory, in 10 healthy adults, the test–retest CV for FFM and FM were 1.1% and 1.7%, respectively.