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9 protocols using ab23393

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Skeletal Muscle

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Immunohistochemistry of skeletal muscle was performed as previously described (Liu et al., 2017 (link)). For immunohistochemistry of fixed frozen sections, the following antibodies were used: Twist2 (Abcam, ab66031, 1:200), Sema3a (Abcam, ab23393, 1:100), Nrp1 (Abcam, ab81321, 1:100), and Myh4 (Invitrogen, 14-6503-82, 1:100). For immunohistochemistry of raw embedded frozen sections, the following antibodies were used: Twist2 (Abcam, ab66031, 1:200), Sema3a (Abcam, ab23393, 1:100), Nrp1 (Abcam, ab81321, 1:100), myosin IIa (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, SC-71, 1:10), myosin IIb (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, BF-F3, 1:10), Slow myosin (Sigma-Aldrich, NOQ7.5D, 1:250), and Fast myosin (Sigma-Aldrich, clone My32, 1:250). Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. TdTO signals were detected by direct fluorescent imaging. Wheat germ agglutinin staining was performed on both frozen and paraffin-embedded sections, using WGA-Alexa Fluor 555 (W32464) or WGA-Alexa 647 conjugate (W32466) (Life Technologies, 50 mg ml−1). Images were taken on a Zeiss LSM700 confocal microscope. Muscle fiber numbers were quantified by ImageJ.
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2

Hippocampal Ephrin and Semaphorin Expression

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The hippocampi of pups were dissected and collected at P2, P4, and P10. The tissues were homogenized in 100 μL of lysis buffer containing 10 μL of phosphatase inhibitors and 1 μL of protease inhibitors. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 ×g for 10 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was taken for protein determination. The protein concentration was determined using a bicinchoninic acid assay. Protein (100 μg) was boiled for 3 minutes and separated on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels followed by transfer onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. After blocking with PBS including 0.1% Tween-20 and bovine serum albumin for 1 hour at room temperature, the membrane was incubated overnight with primary antibodies recognizing ephrin A3 (1:1,000, ab64814, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or semaphorin 3A (1:1,000, ab23393, Abcam). Subsequently, the membrane was incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5,000, SAB370119, Sigma). Immune complexes were visualized using a chemiluminescence Western blotting detection system (ALPHAVIEW, Proteinsimple Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).
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3

Semaphorin-3A Expression in TBI

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The mice were grouped into a TBI group and a sham group, which were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (3 mg/kg) through an intraperitoneal injection and sacrificed through transcardiac perfusion [cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 4% paraformaldehyde] 72 h after TBI. The brains were removed and embedded in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) medium (Sakura, Oakland, CA, United States). The brains were subsequently sliced into 8-mm-thick coronal sections. After blocking with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 30 min at 37°C, the sections were incubated with the appropriate primary antibody mixture, which was mixed with an anti-SEMA3A antibody (1:75, Abcam, ab23393) and an anti-CD31 antibody (1:100, Abcam, Ab24590), overnight at 4°C. The samples were then incubated with Alexa Fluor-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:500, Molecular Probes) for 1 h at room temperature, and the nuclei were counterstained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 5 min.
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4

Western Blot Protein Detection

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All samples were resolved on a 7% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. Membranes were blocked in 4% milk in TBS-T (TBS, pH 7.4, and 0.1% Tween 20) for 1 h at room temperature. Primary antibodies [α-tubulin (1:30,000, T9026, Sigma-Aldrich), actin (1:1000, SC-1616-G, Santa Cruz Biotechnologies), Npn1 (1:1000, AF566, R&D Systems), or Sema3A (1:1000, ab23393, Abcam)] were diluted in 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and incubated overnight at 4°C. The following day, membranes were washed and incubated with appropriate horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked secondary antibodies (1:10,000) in 3% BSA (Jackson ImmunoResearch) followed by visualization with a chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
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5

PDGF-induced cell crawling dynamics

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The cells were inoculated in the petri dish at the cell density of 1 × 105/mL for cell crawling, and the cells were divided into scramble-transfected cells, mimic-transfected cells, and scramble-transfected cells treated with 20 ng/mL PDGF and mimic-transfected cells treated with 20 ng/mL PDGF. After the treatment, the cells were centrifuged at 1000 × g at 4°C for 5 min, and immunofluorescence was performed for identifying the fluorescent of the cells. Briefly, the cell smear was washed by PBS for three times and then fixed on ice acetone (01000356-25g, Beijing Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd., http://www.ouhechem.com/, China) for 15 min. Next, while the cell smear was dried, PBS was used to wash the cells for three times. TCF21/Pod1 antibody (C07617Cy3, Signalway Antibody, USA) and MTAP antibody (ab23393, 1 : 100, Abcam, USA) were added into the cells, respectively, and incubated together at 4°C in a heat preservation box incubation. Next, conjugated secondary antibody was added into the cells at 37°C for 2 h, and the cells were washed by PBS for three times and then incubated with DAPI for 3 min. Finally, fluorescence of the cells was determined under a fluorescence microscope (Delta Optical IB-100, Delta Optical, Poland).
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6

Western Blot Analysis of Semaphorin Pathway

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Tissue and cell samples were lysed in RIPA buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, China). An equal amount (50 μg) of protein in each group was loaded and separated on 8–12% SDS-PAGE, then transferred onto 0.4 mm PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). After blocking in 5% skim milk for 1 h (h), membranes were incubated at 4 °C overnight with primary antibodies against Sema3A (ab199475, Abcam), Sema3A (ab23393, Abcam) neuropilin-1 (ab81321, Abcam), plexin-A1 (ab92346, Abcam), cyclinD1 (ab16663, Abcam), PCNA (ab29, Abcam, RRID: AB_303394), PDGFRβ (ab32570, Abcam, RRID: AB_777165), p-PDGFRβ (3173, Cell Signalling, RRID: AB_2252179), p53 (2524, Cell Signalling, RRID: AB_331743) and β-actin (A01010, Abbkine, RRID: AB_2737288). Then, membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. All protein bands were visualized using ECL solution on a BioSpectrum Imaging System (UVP, Upland, CA, USA). The intensities of the bands were analysed using the ImageJ software package (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). For immunoprecipitation, an equal amount (500 μg) of protein in each group was incubated with specific antibodies at 4 °C overnight with gentle rotation. The complexes were precipitated with Protein A/G agarose beads and analysed by western blotting.
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7

Immunoblotting analysis of SEMA3A, Bax, and Bcl-2

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Serum specimens and cell lysates were boiled for 10 min, and immunoblotting analysis was carried out as described previously19, using primary antibodies against SEMA3A (1:1000, ab23393, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), Bax (1:1000, #2774, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), Bcl‐2 (1:1000, #15071, Cell Signaling Technology) and loading buffer β‐actin (1:5000, ab179467, Abcam).
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8

Western Blot Analysis of ASC Proteins

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Whole-cell protein was isolated from ASCs using the Total Extraction Sample Kit (Sigma) according to the instruction. For western blot analysis, equal proteins were loaded on 12% SDS-PAGE gels and then separated completely using vertical electrophoresis at 120 V. After transferring onto a 0.5 μm pore size nitrocellulose membrane at 200 mA, the separated proteins were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin and incubated with rabbit polyclonal anti-Sema3A(Abcam, ab23393) and mouse polyclonal anti-GAPDH primary antibodies diluted in 5% TBST for 8 hours at 4°C. The protein bands were visualized using the Odyssey Infrared Imager system (LI-COR) after incubation with corresponding fluorescent secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature.
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9

Western Blot Analysis of Nerve Proteins

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Muscle and sciatic nerve (SN) tissues of both sexes were excised and homogenized in lysis buffer containing PBS, 1% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1× protease inhibitors (Roche Diagnostics), followed by centrifugation and collection of the supernatant. Protein concentration was determined using the Bio-Rad Protein Assay. Protein samples were denatured by boiling in SDS sample buffer, which were then electrophoresed in 10% polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE). Proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and then immunoblotted with appropriate primary antibodies: Sema3A (Abcam, ab23393; 1:1000); NRP1 (Abcam, ab81321; 1:1000); Sema3B (Abcam, ab48197; 1:2000); NRP2 (Cell Signaling D39A5, 1: 1000); GFP (Abcam ab13970; 1:5000); tubulin (1:10,000) and ERK (1:10,000), diluted in 5% (w/v) skim milk (BD Difco) in TBS-T, followed by species-specific HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories; 1:10,000) and visualized using a myECL imager (Thermo Fisher Scientific), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantification was performed using ImageJ software.
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