4 nitrophenol 4 np

All chemicals were obtained from commercial sources and were used without further purification. Cerium salt, Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O, was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Czech Rep.) with 99% purity. Organophosphate pesticide parathion methyl (PM) and its degradation product 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich as chromatographic standards. Ammonium hydroxide solution (25 to 29)% was obtained from Penta (Czech Rep.) with p.a. purity. HPLC gradient grade organic solvents (acetonitrile, methanol) and deionized water were used to prepare the solutions including mobile phases for liquid chromatography.

For synthesis of nanomaterials and nanocomposites, cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, 99%), ethanol (99%), graphite flakes (size 100 micron, 99.5%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.5%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30% w/v), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, 99.5%), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄, 85%), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%), silver nitrate (AgNO₃, 99.9%) were used. The acetate buffer (pH 3.6), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) and FeCl₃·6H₂O (97%) are used for preparing FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) reagent. All other chemicals required for the experiments were of analytical grades and procured from Sigma (St. Louis MO, USA). The following chemicals are purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee (USA): 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) (C₆H₅NO₃, 99%), 2-nitroaniline (2-NA) (C₆H₆N₂O₂, 98%), 3-nitroaniline (3-NA) (C₆H₆N₂O₂, 98%), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) (C₆H₆N₂O₂, 99%), and sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, 98%). Microbes namely Escherichia coli (NCLM2832) and Staphylococcus aureus (NCLM2602) procured from National Chemical Laboratory Pune were used for this study. The stock cultures were maintained on nutrient agar slants at 37 °C. The freshly discharged liquid metabolic waste (urine) of healthy and fully vaccinated Gir (Bos taurus indicus) (A-2) cow. The cow urine was donated from the owner of the cattle, Mr Dhanaji parasharam sarvalkar, A/P kaneriwadi, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India 416234.

Copper iodide, 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and iodobenzene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 1,3,5-Triethynylbenzene, sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), triethylamine hydrochloride (TEACl) and phenylboronic acid were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. Trans-PdCl₂(PEt₃)₂ was obtained from Alfa Aesar.

Analytical reagent-grade chemicals including N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), acrylic acid (AAC, 99%), N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (BIS, 97%), ammonium persulfate, 2,2′-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), silver nitrate (AgNO₃), trisodium citrate, and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) were obtained from Sigma, India. Mili-Q water was used exclusively throughout the experiment. UV-VIS absorption spectra were recorded using an in-house Cary 60 spectrometer from Agilent Technology. The wavelength scan interval was set at 1 nm with an accuracy of 0.015 nm.
All light scattering measurements were conducted using an in-house facility called the "Goniometer-based Multi-Angle Static and Dynamic Scattering Instrument" provided by Photocore Ltd in Russia. The scattering angle could be controlled using a stepper motor, ranging from 10° to 150° with an accuracy of 0.01°. The sample was immersed in a toluene bath, allowing for temperature variations between 10 °C and 90 °C with an accuracy of 0.1 °C.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were obtained using a JEOL JEM-1400 instrument equipped with a tungsten filament. The microscope operated at an accelerated voltage of 80 kV and was located at CIPET, Bhubaneswar, India.