Er tracker

SIN‐1, ox‐LDL, HPF, and NAC were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Lyso‐Tracker, ER‐Tracker, LDs‐Tracker, and Mito‐Tracker were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Liposome synthesis material DSPE‐PEG2000‐NHS was purchased from AVT (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical Tech Co., Ltd. Antibody iNOS and house keeping protein GADPH were brought from Abcam. Human nonsmall cell lung cancer cell line A549 and mouse monocyte macrophage leukemia cell line RAW 264.7 were obtained from the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (China). BALB/c nude mice (18 ± 2 g) and ApoE genetic defect mice (18 ± 2 g) are bought from Shanghai slaccas experimental animal Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). All animals are Specific Pathogen Free and performed in accordance with the Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Xiamen University and the experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Xiamen University (32201145).

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and penicillin-streptomucin (100×) were obtained from Invitrogen (Calsbad, CA, USA). Fetal bovine serum was from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA) and was heat-inactivated at 56 °C for 30 min. Antibodies against p-NFκB, NFκB, p-IκBα, IκBα, p-ERK, ERK, p-JNK, JNK, p-p38, p38 were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) and antibodies against β-actin and GAPDH were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). ECL reagents were from Thermo Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). SP600125, U0126, SB203580, BAY11-7082 were purchased from Selleck (Houston, TX, USA). Fucoidin and carrageenan were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tauroursodeoxycholic acid was from Calbiochem (KGaA, Darmstadt). Lysosome-tracker, ER-tracker and fluo-3/AM were from Beyotime (Haimen, China). Cellular Ca²⁺ ATPase activity Kit was from Jiancheng Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). TNF-α and IL-6 ELISA kit were from Biolegend (San Diego, CA, USA).
C57BL/6 female mice, 6–8 weeks of age, were from SLAC laboratory animal company (Shanghai, China). All experiments were approved by a local ethical committee.

After 48 h of transfection with IFITM3 siRNA, cells were treated with or without 100-nM rapamycin (RAMP, Selleck, USA) for 4 h then analyzed after incubation with 50-nM LysoTracker (Beyotime, China), 50-nM MitoTracker (Beyotime) and 1-μM ER-Tracker (Beyotime) for 30 min. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany).