Vegf a

Cell supernatants were collected and frozen down at -80 °C until assayed using a Human 42 Multiplex Discovery Assay with Luminex xMAP technology (EGF, Eotaxin-1, FGF-2, Flt-3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GROα, IFNα2, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-18, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, RANTES, sCD40L, TGFα, TNFα, TNFβ, VEGF-A; Eve Technologies, AB, Canada). The level of VEGF, IL-6, and PGE2 in cell culture supernatants were also evaluated using ELISA (Human DuoSet ELISA Development Kits (VEGF, IL-6, PGE2), R&D Systems) with absorbance measured at 450 nm/570 nm.

Gastric tissue from male mice was homogenized in liquid nitrogen with a disposable pestle (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). One hundred fifty microliters of lysis buffer, 500 µL of RIPA buffer with protease inhibitor (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA), 5-µL protease inhibitor, and 5-µL 0.5 M EDTA were added. Samples were placed in a rotating mixer at 4°C for 1 hour. Supernatant was collected following centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 10 minutes at 4°C. Protein concentration was measured using a BCA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and adjusted to 1 mg/mL. Thirty-two-plex gastric tissue cytokine array was performed to quantify eotaxin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, IP-10, KC, LIF, LIX, MCP-1, M-CSF, MIG, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, RANTES, TNFα, and VEGF-A (Eve Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada).