Arabinose

The rhizome of M. dauricum plants for each of the 10 batches, denoted by the letters S1 to S10, was gathered from various regions throughout China (Table 1). The voucher samples of rhizome of M. dauricum were deposited in the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
Chemicals: The DEAE-cellulose-52 was procured from Yuanye Biological Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sephadex G-50 and Sephacryl S-100 were procured from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Piscataway, NJ, USA). Guoyao Group Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) provided glucose and galactose. Arabinose, fucose, mannose, and rhamnose were all supplied by Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The ELISA kits employed in the IL-6, NO, TNF-α, and IgM tests were retrieved from Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Antibodies against MyD88, NFκB, JNK, ERK, and P38, as well as GAPDH, were procured from ABclonal (Wuhan, China) while other antibodies were procured from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).

Petroleum ether, n-butanol, and glucose were purchased from the Beijing Chemical Factory (Beijing, China). Anhydrous ethanol and anhydrous methanol were purchased from Modern Oriental Science and Technology Development Company (Beijing, China). Sodium hydroxide, ferric trichloride, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and potassium chloride were purchased from Xilong Chemical Company (Shanghai, China). Sulfuric acid and trichloromethane were purchased from Kunshan Jincheng Reagent Company (Suzhou, China). Agar, yeast dipping powder, and tryptone (bio grade) were purchased from Lablead Reagent Company (Beijing, China). The CAT assay kit, SOD assay kit, and ROS assay kit were purchased from Biomed Reagent Company (Beijing, China). The RNA extraction kit, reverse transcription kit, and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit were purchased from Novozymes Reagent Company (Beijing, China). Monosaccharide standards mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, N-acetyl-glucosamine, glucose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).