Diffuse gold integrating sphere

Manufactured by PIKE Technologies

Sourced in United States

The Diffuse Gold Integrating Sphere is a highly efficient and versatile device used for the measurement of optical properties. It consists of a spherical cavity with a highly reflective gold-coated interior, which helps to ensure uniform distribution of light within the sphere. The core function of this device is to provide an integrated, diffuse measurement of light, making it a valuable tool for a wide range of applications, such as spectroscopy, photometry, and radiometry.

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Lab products found in correlation

Nicolet is50, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Model 6700, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Lambda 1050, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions) Nova nanosem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) V 670, by Jasco (1 mentions) Cary 6000i, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions) Srs 99 020, by Labsphere (1 mentions)

6 protocols using diffuse gold integrating sphere

FTIR Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy of Samples

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The mid-IR diffuse reflectance spectra of samples from 2.5 to 16.67 µm were measured by an FTIR spectrometer (model 6700, Thermo Fisher Scientific) accompanied by a diffuse gold integrating sphere (PIKE Technologies). Standard gold reference was chosen as the background of the measurement. Cyclability test is conducted in situ at ±0.6 V in two-electrode mode using the same FTIR for reflectance spectra measurement. A total of 107 cycles were performed.

Chen T.H., Hong Y., Fu C.T., Nandi A., Xie W., Yin J, & Hsu P.C. (2023). A kirigami-enabled electrochromic wearable variable-emittance device for energy-efficient adaptive personal thermoregulation. PNAS Nexus, 2(6), pgad165.

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Optical and Thermal Characterization of Surfaces

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Optical characterization was conducted across UV to mid-infrared (MIR) wavelengths. The reflectivity (R) and transmissivity (T) were measured using a UV–VIS–NIR spectrometer (Lambda 1050, PerkinElmer, USA) in the range of 0.25–2.5 μm with an integrating sphere, while in the MIR range (2.5–25 μm) using a FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet iS50, ThermoScientific, USA) equipped with a diffuse gold integrating sphere (Pike Technologies, USA). The emissivity (ε) is equal to absorptivity, which is obtained from the equation ε = 1 – R – T.
The definition of average solar reflectivity (

\bar{R}

_solar) is given by:

{\bar{R}}_{solar} = \frac{\int_{0.3 μ m}^{2.5 μ m} I_{solar} (λ) \times R_{solar} (λ) d λ}{\int_{0.3 μ m}^{2.5 μ m} I_{solar} (λ) d λ}

where λ is the wavelength, I_solar(λ) is the reference direct normal spectral irradiance ASTM G173 under air-mass 1.5, representing the global solar intensity, and R_solar(λ) is the spectral reflectivity of the surface.
Definition of average atmospheric window emissivity (

\bar{ε}

_LWIR) is given by:

{\bar{ε}}_{LWIR} = \frac{\int_{8 μ m}^{13 μ m} I_{BB} (T, λ) \times ε (T, λ) d λ}{\int_{8 μ m}^{13 μ m} I_{BB} (T, λ) d λ}

where I_BB(T, λ) is the spectral irradiance emitted by a blackbody at temperature T (here assumed to be 25 °C) shown in Fig. 4d, and ε(T, λ) is the spectral thermal emissivity of the surface.

Xiong L., Wei Y., Chen C., Chen X., Fu Q, & Deng H. (2023). Thin lamellar films with enhanced mechanical properties for durable radiative cooling. Nature Communications, 14, 6129.

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Comprehensive Material Characterization

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The MIR reflectance was measured by an FTIR spectrometer (Model 6700, Thermo Scientific) accompanied by a diffuse gold integrating sphere (PIKE Technologies). ATR-FTIR spectra were measured by the Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer. The visible and NIR reflectance was measured by UV-Vis-NIR spectrometers (Agilent, Cary 6000i and Jasco V-670) equipped with diffuse reflectance accessories. SEM images were taken by FEI Nova NanoSEM (5 kV). The contact angle was measured by a contact angle goniometer (Rame-Hart 290). The sample mass was measured by an analytical balance (Ohaus Pioneer, 0.0001g readability).

Peng Y., Lai J.C., Xiao X., Jin W., Zhou J., Yang Y., Gao X., Tang J., Fan L., Fan S., Bao Z, & Cui Y. (2023). Colorful low-emissivity paints for space heating and cooling energy savings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(34), e2300856120.

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Characterizing Material Optical Properties

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The SEM images were taken by FEI XL30 Sirion (5 kV). The IR properties were measured by an FTIR spectrometer (model 6700, Thermo Fisher Scientific) accompanied with a diffuse gold integrating sphere (PIKE Technologies). Unless specified, the incident angle to the sample is 12°. The FTIR was used to measure reflectivity (ρ) and transmissivity (τ), and the emissivity (ε) was calculated on the basis of ε = 1 − ρ − τ.

Hsu P.C., Liu C., Song A.Y., Zhang Z., Peng Y., Xie J., Liu K., Wu C.L., Catrysse P.B., Cai L., Zhai S., Majumdar A., Fan S, & Cui Y. (2017). A dual-mode textile for human body radiative heating and cooling. Science Advances, 3(11), e1700895.

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Fabrication and Characterization of Photonic Structures

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The photonic structures were fabricated by electron beam deposition at Optiforms, on 500-um-thick, 100-mm-diameter, p-doped single-side-polished <100> crystalline silicon wafers, with resistivity 1–10 Ω cm (UniversityWafer 783). To block transmission in the wavelength range below silicon bandgap, the unpolished side of the wafers were coated with silver paste. In the wavelength range of 0.3−1.8 μm, the reflection spectra of the samples were characterized using a spectrophotometer (Agilent Cary 6000i) with an unpolarized light source and a high Lambertian reflectance standard (Labsphere SRS-99-020). A diffuse reflectance accessory (DRA 1800) with a 150-mm-diameter integrating sphere was used to collect both specular and diffuse components of reflection at an 8° angle of incidence. In the wavelength range of 4−25 μm, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700) with a diffuse gold integrating sphere (PIKE Technologies) was used to characterize the samples. The absorptivity/emissivity spectra were obtained by subtracting the reflectance from unity. A scanning electron microscope (Nova FEI 450) was used to image the cross sections of the stacks in Fig. 3a, b.

Li W., Shi Y., Chen Z, & Fan S. (2018). Photonic thermal management of coloured objects. Nature Communications, 9, 4240.

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Infrared Optical Property Analysis

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The IR reflectivity (ρ) and transmittance (τ) were measured using a FTIR spectrometer (Model 6700, Thermo Scientific) accompanied with a diffuse gold integrating sphere (PIKE Technologies). The IR emissivity (ε) was then calculated using equation ε = 100%−ρ−τ. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken by FEI Sirion (5 kV).

Cai L., Song A.Y., Wu P., Hsu P.C., Peng Y., Chen J., Liu C., Catrysse P.B., Liu Y., Yang A., Zhou C., Zhou C., Fan S, & Cui Y. (2017). Warming up human body by nanoporous metallized polyethylene textile. Nature Communications, 8, 496.

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