Gw9662

YMO was provided from Kewpie Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). A synthetic PPARγ agonist, troglitazone, and a synthetic PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). Ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were also obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation.

Antibodies against phospho-eNOS (Ser1177), phospho-AMPKα (Thr172), AMPKα, phospho-Akt (Ser473), phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) (Thr180/Tyr182), p38 MAPK and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Antibodies against phospho-CREB (Ser133) and eNOS (NOS3) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). An anti-phospho-acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) (Ser79) antibody was purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA). An anti-myc tag antibody was purchased from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY) and an anti-HA tag antibody was purchased from Roche (Basel, Switzerland).
Wortmannin, LY294002, and KT5720 were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). H89 and GSK3787 were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). GW9662 was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka, Japan). SB202190 was purchased from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany).
Valsartan and irbesartan were purchased from Vijayasri Chemicals (Andhra Pradesh, India). Telmisartan was provided by Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheim, Germany).

All cell culture plasticware was purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (NJ, USA). Pioglitazone hydrochloride, rosiglitazone, glimepiride, GW9662, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Metformin (1,1-dimethyl biguanide hydrochloride) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (MO, USA).

Brazilian green propolis was provided by Apis Flora Comercial, Ltda., Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol, acetate, hexane, and ethyl acetate were purchased from Mallinckrodt Co. (Xalostoc, Mexico), and ultra-pure water was obtained after purification with Milli-Q plus filter systems (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). For vacuum liquid chromatography, silica gels with over 90% of particles <45 μm in size were purchased from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Normal-phase analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) media was also purchased from Merck (Cat No. 60F254). Insulin, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), penicillin–streptomycin, calf serum (CS), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). The PPARγ antagonist GW9662 was purchased from FUJIFILM Wako (Osaka, Japan). All other reagents were of the highest grade commercially available.