Hplc grade methanol

The GXSTC, Choerospondias axillaris, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Syzigium aromaticum, Dryobalanops and Tabaschir were kindly provided by Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Xi’an, China). The reference standards of gallic acid, danshensu, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, ellagic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid A/B/C, chlorogenic acid, eugenol, dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I/IIA, caffeic acid, quercetin and miltionone were purchased from Nantong Feiyu Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Nantong, China). Their mass analysis was performed on the Triple TOF^TM 5600 spectrometer (AB SCIEX, Foster City, CA, USA) according to previous literature [18 (link),19 (link),20 ,21 (link),22 ,23 ]. Meanwhile, the purity of all standards was determined to be above 98% by LC analysis based on a peak area normalization method.
Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC-grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Formic acid (HPLC grade) and phosphoric acid (analytical grade) were supplied by Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Deionized water was purified by the Milli-Q water purification system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). All other chemicals and reagents were analytical-grade and commercially available.

Capsule formulation of the standardized A. lancea extract (formulated AL) and placebo were provided by Khaolaor Laboratories Co. Ltd. (Samut Prakarn, Thailand: lot number 200121/3 and capsule number 00). Atractylodin (ATD) was obtained from WAKO (Osaka, Japan). Caffeine, phenacetin, paracetamol, PLGA (Resomer^® RG502, MW 12,000, inherent viscosity 0.24 dL/g), and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Kolliphor^® P 407 (poloxamer 407) was kindly provided by BASF Thailand. β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium salt-reduced form (NADPH) and nifedipine were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Dehydronifedipine was obtained from Toronto Research Chemical (Toronto, ON, Canada). Diazepam was purchased from Government Pharmaceutical Organization (Bangkok, Thailand). iTaq^TM Universal SYBR^® Green Supermix was purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (Hercules, CA, USA). Rabbit Anti-Rat CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 polyclonal antibodies were purchased from ABclonal (MA, USA) and Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), respectively. Rabbit Anti-Rat GAPDH antibody and Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG AP-linked were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (MA, USA). The BCIP/NBT solution AP-chromogen was obtained from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA). Methanol HPLC grade was purchased from Fisher Scientific (MA, USA).

Standards of UA and OA (purity is more than 98%) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Triethylamine and acetate (HPLC grade) were obtained from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Methanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Beijing, China). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, USA). All the other reagents were analytical grade. Extraction was performed using Agilent SampliQ QuEChERS AOAC Extraction Kits (p/n 5982-5122), Agilent Bond Elut Florisil (12256014), Dikma ProElut C₁₈ (500 mg/6 mL), and Dikma ProElut PLS (500 mg/6 mL).

Anhydrous ethyl alcohol was purchased from Commercial Alcohols (Brampton, ON, Canada). Ammonium acetate (anhydrous, ACS reagent grade) was obtained from MP Biomedicals (Solon, OH, USA). Ammonia (ca. 7N solution in methanol) was ordered from ACROS Organics (www.acros.com). Agarose (protein electrophoresis grade, high gelling temperature); Tris base (for molecular biology); EDTA, disodium salt dihydrate; sulfuric acid; acetic acid, glacial (certified ACS); methanol (HPLC grade); chloroform (HPLC grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). The alkaloids narciclasine and galanthamine were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK), whereas lycorine and papaverine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada).

The polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard™ 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit) was purchased from The Dow Chemical Company (Wiesbaden, Germany), and gelatin from bovine skin (gel strength ≈ 225 g; Bloom, Type B) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). The liquid crystal 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB, >98.0%) was purchased from TCI Europe (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). The ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([BMIM][DCA] > 98.0%) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl], >98.0%) were purchased from IoLiTec (Heilbronn, Germany). The anhydrous binary salts magnesium chloride (≥98.0%), potassium carbonate (99.9%) and sodium bromide (≥99.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA); sodium chloride (>99.5%) and the solvents dichloromethane and hexane were purchased from VWR International (Carnaxide, Portugal). Ethanol and acetic acid (purity 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile (purity 99.9%), chloroform, diethyl ether (HPLC grade), ethyl acetate, heptane, mEthanol (HPLC grade) and toluene were supplied by Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Acetone (purity 99.5%) was purchased from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA), and isopropanol (purity 99.5%) from ROTH (Karlsruhe, Germany).