Gelatin from bovine skin (type B) and alginic acid sodium salt, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), calcium chloride, and sodium chloride powder were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Canada). calcium chloride was dissolved in Millipore water at a final concentration of 4%, filtered with 0.2 u filters and stored in a sterile condition for further use. For cell culture studies, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were purchased from ATCC (Cedarlane, Canada). DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium, without sodium pyruvate, with 4.5 g/l glucose, with L-glutamine), PBS (phosphate buffer saline) 1×, Penicillin-streptomycin, Trypsin/EDTA solution at 0.25% (w./v.) and FBS (fetal bovine serum) were purchased from Wisent Bioproducts (Canada). (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) MTT powder, Triton X-100, BSA (bovine serum albumin), paraformaldehyde, a Live/Dead Cell Viability assay kit (CBA415) and Hoechst 33342 Nuclei Dye, Propidium Iodide (PI) and Calcine were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Canada). For bioprinting, the mixing syringe (5ml) with the mixing ratio of 4:1, and compatible mixer tips were purchased from Sulzer Inc. (Switzerland). Empty cartridges and nozzles purchased from Cellink (Sweden)
Calcium chloride
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, Italy, Spain, China, France, Macao, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Switzerland, Belgium, Japan, Norway, Brazil, Singapore, Australia
Calcium chloride is a salt compound that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. The core function of calcium chloride is to serve as a desiccant, absorbing moisture from the surrounding environment. It is also used as a source of calcium ions in chemical reactions and analyses.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (171 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (121 mentions)
Sodium alginate, by Merck Group (103 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (100 mentions)
Magnesium chloride, by Merck Group (84 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (79 mentions)
Sodium bicarbonate, by Merck Group (62 mentions)
Glucose, by Merck Group (56 mentions)
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, by Merck Group (52 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (46 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (46 mentions)
Magnesium sulfate, by Merck Group (41 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (41 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (40 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (39 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (37 mentions)
Hepes, by Merck Group (29 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (29 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (26 mentions)
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, by Merck Group (25 mentions)
807 protocols using calcium chloride
1
Bioprinting of Breast Cancer Cell Lines
2
Artificial Urine Preparation and Characterization
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Silver nitrate (99%), sodium citrate (99%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), sodium hydroxide (98%), uric acid (99%), ascorbic acid (99%), dopamine hydrochloride (98%), sodium chloride (99.5%), sodium nitrate (99%), citric acid (99.5%), calcium chloride (97%) and tetrahydrofuran (99.9%) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Poly(n-butyl acrylate) COOH, bis(2-oxo-1,3oxazolidin-3-yl)phosphinic chloride (99.5%), triethylamine (99.5%), dichlormethane (99.8%), ethanol (99.5%) used were from Merck. All reagent solutions were prepared in double distilled water. Articial urine samples were prepared according to the recipe provided by Brooks and Keevil. 28 The solution was comprised of 1.1 mM lactic acid (98%), 2.0 mM citric acid (99.5%), 25 mM sodium bicarbonate (99.7%), 170 mM urea (98%), 2.5 mM calcium chloride (97%), 90 mM sodium chloride (99.5%), 2.0 mM magnesium sulphate (99.5%), 10 mM sodium sulphate (99%), 7.0 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (99.99%), 7.0 mM dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (99%), and 25 mM ammonium chloride (99.5%) all in Millipore water. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.0 via the addition of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (37%).
3
Chemicals and Drugs Acquisition for Research
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The chemicals and standard drugs acetylcholine perchlorate, verapamil hydrochloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO). calcium chloride and sodium sulphate were acquired from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Chloroform was purchased from Lab-Scan Company Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Diethyl ether was purchased from Reanal Fine Chemicals Co. (Hungary). The chemicals and drugs were dissolved in distilled water or DMSO according to the relevant protocol. All chemicals were of analytical grade.
4
Spectrophotometric Reagent Protocol
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All used reagents were of analytical spectrophotometric grade. Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent, sodium alginate (mannuronic to guluronic acid ratio: 1.33), calcium chloride, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), glycerol, calcium chloride, acetone, gallic acid, sodium carbonate, ascorbic acid, metaphosphoric acid, and EDTA were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Milan, Italy).
5
Fabrication of Fibrin Hydrogels
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Fibrin hydrogels were prepared through Solutions A and B; 100 mg fibrinogen (Yeasen, China) was dissolved in 1 mL 1.8% saline/sodium chloride solution, and 10 mg aprotinin (Sigma, USA) was dissolved in ddH2O with the concentration of 170 mg/mL (100×, stock solution), calcium chloride (Sigma, USA) was dissolved in ddH2O and the concentration is 42.1 mM (10×, stock solution), 500 U thrombin (sigma, USA) was dissolved in 5 mL 42.1 mM calcium chloride solution (10×, stock solution). The fibrinogen solution and the aprotinin solution was mixed to form Solution A, in which the final concentration of aprotinin is 3.4 mg/mL. The thrombin solution was diluted to 20 U/mL to form Solution B. The Solution A was mixed with Solution B in volume ratio of 1:1 to form fibrin hydrogels at room temperature, the gelation time is approximately 30 s. The cell pellet was suspended with Solution A, which contains 80 mg/mL fibrinogen solution and then mixed with thrombin. The final concentration of fibrinogen is 40 mg/mL, the aprotinin is 1.7 mg/mL and the thrombin is 10U/mL.
6
Quantification of LOX and LDH Activity
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To assess LOX enzymatic activity in CM, a fluorometric assay detecting the level of hydrogen peroxide was performed as previously described [32 (link)] using a freshly prepared enzyme mixture containing 1.2 M urea (Sigma-Aldrich), 50 mM sodium borate pH 8.0 (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.01 M calcium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1.0 U/mL horseradish peroxidase (Sigma-Aldrich), followed by 50 μL of freshly prepared substrate mixture containing 1.2 M urea (Sigma-Aldrich), 50 mM sodium borate pH 8.0 (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.01 M calcium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.01 M diaminopentane (Sigma-Fluka), and 10 μM amplex red (Invitrogen). To determine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-release conditioned media was harvested from sham-treated and irradiated A549 cells, 24 hours after irradiation, LDH-activity was determined using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Purified LDH was used as a positive control.
7
Encapsulation of Multicellular Spheroids in Alginate Hydrogels
8
Controlled Release of Growth Factors from Liposomes
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To determine the release pattern of growth factor from the liposomes, liposomes were incubated in 10 μg/mL growth factor for 60 min at 37°C. To be able to take samples for measuring the release without removing liposomes, the liposomes were immobilized in an alginate microbead.30 To this end, growth factor loaded liposomes were mixed with 1.9% high‐gluconic acid alginate (ISP Alginates, Girvan, UK) and divided over a 96‐wells plate. The alginate was crosslinked with calcium chloride (100 mM; Merck Millipore) during 10 min incubation at room temperature. The calcium chloride was replaced with Krebs–Ringer–HEPES (KRH; pH 7.4, 133 mM NaCl, 4.69 mM KCl, 1.18 mM KH2PO4, 1.18 mM MgSO4.7H2O, 25 mM HEPES, 2.52 mM CaCl2.2H2O (all obtained from Merck Millipore)) solution and the release experiment was carried out at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 14 days. The KRH was replaced first after one hour, and then every 24 h. These samples were used for quantification of the growth factor and were stored at −20°C. Quantikine® Human ELISA (R&D Systems, Oxon, UK) was performed according to manufacturers’ protocol to determine the growth factor concentrations in the samples.
9
Gadolinium-based Nanoparticle Synthesis
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Gadolinium chloride hexahydrate ([GdCl3, 6H2O], 99.999%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.99%), tetraethyl orthosilicate (Si(OC2H5)4, TEOS, 98%), aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (H2N(CH2)3-Si(OC2H5)3, APTES, 99%), triethylamine (TEA, 99.5%), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES, 99.5%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.99%), sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.8%), calcium chloride (CaCl2, 99%), the bovine serum albumin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.5%) were purchased from Aldrich Chemicals (France). Diethylene glycol (DEG, 99%) was purchased from SDS Carlo Erba (France). Acetone (reagent grade) was purchased from Sodipro (France) and was used in the same conditions as received. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-glutaric anhydride-4,7,10-triacetic acid (DOTAGA) was furnished by CheMatech (Dijon, France). Gadolinium oxide cores were furnished by Nano-H S.A.S (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Only milli-Q water was used for the preparation of aqueous solutions of nanoparticles.
10
Synthesis of Diglycerylsilane Compound
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Soluble starch was purchased from BDH Inc. or Sigma Aldrich. α-Amylase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was purchased from Sigma. Imidazole, calcium chloride, tetraethyl orthosilicate and glycerol (99.5%, anhydrous) were purchased from Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received. Diglycerylsilane DGS was prepared according to published work [28 (link),31 (link)].
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