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101 protocols using tamoxifen tam

1

Tamoxifen-Enriched Diets for Animal Studies

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All mice were raised on the basal diet 5053, which was purchased from LabDiet (St. Louis, MO). Tamoxifen (TAM) (500mg/kg) (Sigma, St Louis, MO) was added to the Envigo diet 2019 (TD.160647) to produce 2019 TAM diet (TD.130968) (Madison, WI). Tamoxifen (TAM) (500mg/kg) (Sigma, St Louis, MO) was added to the basal diet 5053 to produce 5053 TAM diet (TD.190129), which was purchased from Envigo (Madison, WI).
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2

Genetic Manipulation of NG2-Expressing Cells

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All mice used in this study had a C57BL/6 J genetic background and were housed under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions and kept at 22–26 °C under 12 h:12 h light–dark cycle and provide regular chow ad libitum and tap water during the experiment. The NG2-specific fluorescent mice (NG2-DsRed mice) and NG2-specific Cre-inducible cell lineage tracing mice (NG2-CreERT/Rosa26-STOP-floxed tdTomato-Tg [NG2-CreERT/Rosa TdTomato] mice; The Jackson Laboratory) were generated as previously described [25 (link), 26 (link)]. The NG2-specific Cre-inducible cell deletion mice (NG2-CreERT/DTA mice) were generated by crossing NG2-CreER mice and Rosa26-STOP-floxed-DTA-Tg mice (The Jackson Laboratory) [27 (link)]. Male mice [12–16 weeks of age, 25 ± 5 g body weight (bw)] were used for all experiments. To induce Cre recombinase, mice were treated with Tam (Tamoxifen; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw for 5 days. For long-term observation (more than 1 month), additional Tam (100 mg/kg bw) was injected monthly to maintain PC deletion. Rosa26-STOP-floxed-DTA mice treated with Tam and NG2-CreERT/DTA mice treated with vehicle and corn oil were regarded as controls A and B, respectively. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Asahikawa Medical University.
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3

Preparation of Tamoxifen Analogs Stock Solutions

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For the preparation of stock solutions to be used in the study, TAM (tamoxifen > 99%, product #T5648, batch #BCBW6527) and 4HT (4-hydroxytamoxifen ≥ 98% Z-isomer, product #H7904, batch #067M4003V) were both obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sweden). END (Z-endoxifen 99.3% E/Z Mixture 50/50, product #D21865, batch #HY-18719A/CS-5098) was obtained from Med Chem Express Europe (Sweden).
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4

Tamoxifen-Induced Conditional Deletion of Igf1 in CX3CR1+ Microglia

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CX3CR1CreER [14 (link)] and Igf1flox [15 (link)] were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory and maintained as a breeding colony in the Biomedical Laboratory, University of Southern Denmark (Odense, Denmark), to obtain CX3CR1CreER/WT: Igf1flox/flox (MG-Igf1KO) (Figure 1A). Cre recombinase was activated by the daily subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of Tamoxifen (TAM) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, 75 mg/kg) to newborn pups from postnatal day 1 to postnatal day 4 (PN1-PN4) (Figure 1B). For control purposes, CX3CR1CreER/WT mice (Igf1WT) were also injected with TAM. This control setup was critical to ensure that any observed effects in the MG-Igf1KO group were attributable specifically to the absence of Igf1 rather than to the previously reported effects of TAM administration [16 (link)]. Animal experiments were conducted on female mice in their adulthood (13 weeks old) and were approved by the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate (approval number: 2020-15-0201-0065).
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5

Cytotoxicity Assessment of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside

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RPMI-1640 Medium, fetal bovine serum, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Ellman’s reagent [5,5-Dithio-bis-(2-nitro bezoic acid)], β-mercaptoethanol, glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium bicarbonate, 1,1.3,3-tetramethoxypropane, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and thiobarbituric acid were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) for HPLC analysis was purchased from ChromaDex (Santa Ana, CA, USA). Triton X-100, penicillin, streptomycin were procured from MP Biochemical (Santa Ana, California, USA). All other chemical reagents and extraction solvents were of analytical grade, and all analysis solvents were of HPLC grade and they were obtained from E-Merck. Tamoxifen (TAM) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Each vial of TAM contains one gm white powder.
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6

Conditional Knockout of Rspo1 and Wnt4 in Mice

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Rspo1flox/+ and Wnt4flox/+ mice were constructed as illustrated in the text. In all conditional knockout experiments, mice were maintained on a C57BL/6 genetic background and at least three animals were analyzed for each genotype. Lgr4LacZ/+(Mazerbourg et al., 2004 (link)) and Krt8-CreERT2 (Zhang et al., 2012a (link)) strains were used in this study. Nude, CD1 and BALB/c strains were purchased from B and K universal (Shanghai). Animals were housed under conditions of 12 h day/night cycle.
For Cre recombination induction experiments induced in adult mice, animals received intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg tamoxifen (TAM; Sigma-Aldrich; T5648) diluted in sunflower oil. The Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences approved experimental procedures.
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7

Tamoxifen and 4-Hydroxytamoxifen Administration

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Tamoxifen (Tam) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in 100% ethanol (10 mg/ml) and then mixed in sunflower seed oil (oil; Sigma-Aldrich) before intraperitoneal injection. Mice at 8 weeks of age were injected with Tam (0.5 mg in 100 μl oil) or vehicle (oil) only for 5 consecutive days. 4-OH-Tam (4-OHT) was dissolved in DMSO and then emulsified in oil as described previously [6 (link), 54 (link), 56 (link)]. Mice at the 8 weeks of age were injected intraperitoneally with three doses of 4-OHT (0.1 mg in 250 μl oil) every other day.
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8

Bacterial Expression and Purification of RAP

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Receptor-associated protein (RAP) was expressed as a GST fusion protein in bacteria and purified as described (Herz et al., 1991 (link)). LPS, serotype 055.B5, and Tamoxifen (TAM) were from Sigma-Aldrich. Recombinant mouse CSF-1 and Quantikine ELISA kits were purchased from R&D systems. All primers and probes for RT-qPCR experiments were from Applied Biosystems.
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9

Estrogen and Tamoxifen Exposure Protocol

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17β-estradiol (E2; CAS #50-28-2) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE; CAS #57-63-6) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK); tamoxifen (TAM; CAS #10540-29-1) and 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (OHT; CAS #68392-35-8) from Sigma (St. Louis, MO); HEPES 1 M solution, L-Glutamine 200mM solution, Trypsin 2.5%, Penicillin—Streptomycin solution, phenol red-free DMEM/F-12 (1:1) and DPBS/Modified from Hyclone Laboratories, Inc. (Logan, Utah); MEM NEAA (100x) from Gibco® by Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and charcoal stripped FBS (CSS) were from Atlanta Biologicals (Flowery Branch, GA).
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10

Temporal CRE Activation in Mice

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To activate CRE in utero during E12.5-E15.5, pregnant females were treated for 3 consecutive days (E12.5-E14.5) by oral gavage with 2mg of tamoxifen (TAM, T5648, Sigma-Aldrich) suspended in 90% sunflower seed oil (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10% ethanol (Pharmco-AAPER). Mice were always treated around noon, with 200ul of a 10mg/ml TAM. Caesarean section was performed on day E19 in any mother showing any issue on delivering pups. Pups were then fostered with FVB mothers.
To activate CRE at P1, pups were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of 50ul of TAM 5mg/ml (i.e. 0.25 mg TAM; 150mg TAM/kg body weight).
To activate CRE at P8-P10, pups were intraperitoneally injected for two consecutive days with 75ul of TAM 5mg/ml (at P8 and P9) (i.e. 0.375 mg of TAM; 75 mg TAM/kg body weight).
To activate CRE at P14-P16, pups were intraperitoneally injected for two consecutive days with 75ul of TAM 5mg/ml (at P14 and P15) (i.e. 0.375 mg of TAM; 50 mg TAM/kg body weight).
To activate CRE at P21-P23, pups were intraperitoneally injected for two consecutive days with 100ul of TAM 5mg/ml (at P21 and P22) (i.e. 0.5 mg of TAM; 50mg TAM/kg body weight).
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