Mice were divided into 2 groups:(1) γ-oryzanol group received γ-oryzanol (Sigma-Aldrich) 100 mg/kg by oral gavage once a day for 3 weeks (n = 10); (2) control group received vehicle (normal saline) by oral gavage once a day for 3 weeks (n = 10). After 3 weeks, behavioral tests were performed. Mice were subjected to sequentially behavioral battery tests: first rotarod for locomotor activity, then Y-maze for spatial memory, and NOR for long-term memory. In particular, mice were placed and habituated to the behavioral room for 30 min at the beginning of each test, and all the tests were conducted by the same experimenters. Then, mice were sacrificed and their hippocampi were isolated. The hippocampi were then homogenized in ice-cold buffer (0.32 M Sucrose, 1 M Tris/HCl pH 8, 0.1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 10 μg/mL leupeptin, 10 μg/mL pepstatin, 10 μg/mL aprotinin) and sonicated for 1 min on ice. The samples were then stored at −80 °C until further analysis.
γ oryzanol
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
γ-oryzanol is a phytosterol compound extracted from rice bran oil. It functions as an antioxidant and has been studied for its potential health benefits.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Methanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 propanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Phenol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cell titer blue, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Hplc grade hexane, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Tween 20, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Menhaden fish oil, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
α and γ tocopherols, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Palmitic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu phenol reagent, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tocopherol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
12 protocols using γ oryzanol
1
Oral γ-Oryzanol Improves Cognitive Function
2
Extraction and Analysis of γ-Oryzanol
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Chromatography grade organic solvents like methanol (purity 99.8%), acetonitrile (purity 99.9%), 2-propanol (purity 99.7%) and HPLC grade water acidified with 1% acetic acid were purchased from Merck Life Science Pvt Ltd., Mumbai, India, while the standard γ-oryzanol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA.
3
Bioactivity Analysis of Natural Compounds
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HPLC-grade hexane and acetic acid were purchased from Fisher Chemicals (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). α- and γ-Tocopherols, α- and γ-tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS), EDTA, Trolox, Tween 20, and menhaden fish oil were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human laryngeal carcinoma cell HEp2 and normal monkey kidney cell CV-1 lines were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Other cell culture reagents, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotic (penicillin–streptomycin), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and CellTiter-Blue were purchased from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA). M. purpureus (CGMCC 3.4629) was purchased from China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (Beijing, China). Broken coix seed was provided by Xinlong Green Development Company (Guizhou, China).
4
Alginate-Based Antioxidant Encapsulation
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Food-grade sodium alginate (low viscosity; 160–200 mPa of 2% solution) and calcium chloride were purchased from Gemfont Corporation (Taipei, Taiwan). γ-Oryzanol and DPPH were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tween 80, Span 80, and other analytical grade chemicals used in this study were purchased from Chemical Co., Ltd. (Miaoli, Taiwan).
5
Analytical Methods for Bioactive Compounds
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We obtained 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) from Showa Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). The Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent, catechin, ascorbic acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazodine-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), dansyl chloride, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and palmitic acid (PA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standards of biogenic amines, carotenoids, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. All HPLC-grade solvents were purchased from J.T. Baker, Inc. (Deventer, The Netherlands). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), and penicillin-streptomycin mixture were procured from Biowest (Nuaille, Cholet, France). A buffer solution of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) (1 M) was obtained from Gibco (Rockville, MD, USA).
6
Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds in Botanical Extracts
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Sulphorhodamine B (SRB); the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent; (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG); ferulic acid, phytic acid, gallic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and γ-linolenic acid; γ-oryzanol; and α-, β-, and γ-tocopherol were obtained from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Finasteride and dutasteride were obtained from Wuhan W&Z Biotech (Wuhan, China). Agarose gel, Tris base, and 50X Tris/acetic acid/EDTA (TAE) were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA). Foetal bovine serum (FBS; cat no. 16000044) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI-1640; cat no. 31800022) were obtained from Gibco Life Technologies (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Penicillin/streptomycin solution (100X) was purchased from Capricorn Scientific GmbH (Ebsdorfergrund, Germany). Ethanol, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and other chemical substances were obtained from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.
7
Antioxidant Compound Quantification
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Acetonitrile, ammonium acetate, ethyl acetate, isooctane (LC grade, purity 99%), α,α-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), α-tocophenol, GABA, γ-oryzanol, tocotrienol, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO).
8
Glutamate-induced Excitotoxicity Mitigation
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To investigate the benefit role of test compounds on the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, differentiated HT-22 cells were treated with 0.1 mmol/L glutamate for 24 h and then incubated with either γ-oryzanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. # CDS021604) at specified concentrations (ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 mmol/L) or 10 µmol/L memantine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. # M9292) for another 24 h at 37 °C [22 (link)]. Differentiated HT-22 cells that were not subjected to any treatment were used as control samples. To prepare the experimental compounds, a stock solution with a concentration of 1 mmol/L was made using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. # D8418) as the solvent. The stock solution was then appropriately diluted in the culture medium to obtain concentrations suitable for the subsequent study. The final concentration of DMSO was 0.1% (v/v), a concentration known to be non-toxic to cells [23 (link)].
9
Organic Rice Bran Sourcing and Handling
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Freshly milled organic rice bran samples (Khao Dawk Mali 105) were collected in sacks from a local rice milling company, Buntharik District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand, during November to December 2021 and were taken to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, within 3 h. The rice bran samples were separated into 2 kg vacuum bags, sealed, and kept in a freezer at −20°C before use within 24 h. α-Tocopherol and γ-oryzanol (99% purity) standards were purchased from Merck and Sigma-Aldrich Co., respectively. All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade (Sigma-Aldrich Co. or Merck).
10
Antioxidant Activity of Spirulina
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Pepsin from powdered porcine gastric mucosa (activity ≥ 250 units/mg solid), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,4,6(tripyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), cholesterol, and Coomassie brilliant blue (G250) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); potassium persulfate, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), ferrous chloride, γ-oryzanol, iron sulfate, and maltodextrin were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Spirulina platensis powder was purchased from Noor Daro Gonbad (Gonbad Kavous, Iran).
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