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Gemini 180

Manufactured by Horiba

The Gemini 180 is a research-grade particle size analyzer capable of measuring the size distribution of particles in the range of 0.1 to 10,000 microns. It utilizes the principle of laser diffraction to determine particle size and distribution. The Gemini 180 provides reliable and accurate data on the physical characteristics of a wide range of materials, including powders, suspensions, and emulsions.

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5 protocols using gemini 180

1

Absorption and Photoluminescence Characterization

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Absorption spectra
were recorded using a Cary Lambda 900 spectrophotometer at normal
incidence with Suprasil quartz cuvettes with a 0.1 cm optical path
length. Steady-state PL and PL excitation spectra have been recorded
using a xenon lamp as an excitation source, together with a double
monochromator (Jobin-Yvon Gemini 180 with a 1200 grooves/mm grating),
and recorded through a nitrogen-cooled charge-coupled device (CCD)
detector coupled to a monochromator (Jobin-Yvon Micro HR). Under cw
laser excitation, signals have been recorded using a nitrogen-cooled
CCD coupled with a double monochromator, Triax- 190 (HORIBA Jobin-Yvon),
with a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm. All spectra have been corrected
for the setup optical response. Time-resolved PL spectra have been
recorded using a pulsed light-emitting diode (LED) at 250 nm (3.65
eV, EP-LED 340 Edinburgh Instruments, a pulse width of 700 ps) or
a pulsed laser at 405 nm (3.06 eV, EPL-405 Edinburgh Instruments,
a pulse width of 150 ps) as a light source. Data were obtained with
an Edinburgh Instruments FLS-980 spectrophotometer, with a 5 nm bandwidth
and a time resolution of 0.1 ns.
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2

Photoluminescence Measurement Setup

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The photoluminescence measurements were performed on a homemade apparatus at Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon. The sample was illuminated by an EQ99X laser driven light source filtered by a Jobin Yvon Gemini 180 monochromator. The exit slit from the monochromator was then reimaged on the sample by two 100m focal length, 2 inch diameter MgF2 lenses. The whole apparatus has been calibrated by means of a Newport 918D low power calibrated photodiode sensor over the range 190-1000 nm. The resolution of the system being 4 nm. The emitted light from the sample is collected by an optical fiber connected to a Jobin-Yvon TRIAX320 monochromator equipped with a cooled CCD detector. At the entrance of the monochromator different long pass filter can be chosen in order to eliminate the excitation light. The resolution of the detection system is 2 nm. Temperature control over the sample was regulated with a THMS-600 heating stage with T95-PE temperature controller from Linkam Scientific Instruments.
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3

Photocatalytic Degradation in Stirred Tank Reactor

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The photocatalytic degradation of pollutants was performed in the stirred tank photocatalytic reactor (STR) shown in Figure 1a which has been previously reported [31 ]. The reactor consists of a water-jacketed walled vessel with a stainless-steel propeller and baffle to ensure good mixing and mass transfer. A xenon source (125 W) was used as UV-Vis irradiation source (average emission spectrum in Figure S1). A 410-nm UV cut-off filter was used for visible only irradiation of the reactor. The light intensity entering the reactor was measured at different areas across the sample window using a calibrated radiometer (Jobin Yvon Gemini 180). The average UV intensity (280–400 nm) was determined to be 12.3 W·m−2. Water circulation was maintained throughout the photocatalytic experiments to maintain a constant reaction temperature of 25 °C and air was purged before and during the experiments using an aquarium pump.
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4

Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of Materials

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All samples were analyzed by steady-state photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation (PLE) spectroscopies at RT. The experiments were conducted in a Fluorolog-3 Horiba Scientific set-up with a double additive grating Gemini 180 monochromator (1200 g mm−1 and 2 × 180 mm) in the excitation and a triple grating iHR550 spectrometer in the emission (1200 g mm−1 and 550 mm). A 450 W Xe lamp was used as the excitation source and the excitation monochromator was fixed at 325 nm. The PLE was measured by setting the monochromator in the energy position of the emission maxima of interest and, afterward, the excitation was scanned for higher energies. Additionally, PL spectra for selected samples were also acquired both at RT and low temperature (14 K) by exciting them with the 325 nm (~ 3.81 eV) line of a Kimmon cw He-Cd laser (power density I0 < 0.6 W cm−2, superior to the Xe lamp). In these measurements, the luminescence radiation was dispersed by a SPEX 1704 monochromator (1 m, 1200 g mm−1) and detected with a cooled Hamamatsu R928 photomultiplier. The 14 K PL studies were carried out by placing the samples on a cold finger He cryostat.
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5

Steady-State and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of NTs

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Steady-state PL and PLE spectra have
been recorded using a xenon lamp as an excitation source, together
with a double monochromator (Jobin-Yvon Gemini 180 with a 1200 grooves/mm
grating), and recorded through a nitrogen-cooled CCD detector coupled
to a monochromator (Jobin-Yvon Micro HR). Under cw laser excitation, signals have been recorded using a nitrogen-cooled
CCD coupled with a double monochromator, Triax-190 (HORIBA Jobin-Yvon),
with a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm. The PL quantum yield of bare
NTs has been measured with relative methods using 2,5-diphenyloxazole
as a fluorescence standard.66 All spectra
have been corrected for the setup optical response. Time-resolved
PL spectra have been recorded using a pulsed LED at 340 nm (3.65 eV,
EP-LED 340 Edinburgh Instruments, a pulse width of 700 ps) or a pulsed
laser at 405 nm (3.06 eV, EPL-405 Edinburgh Instruments, a pulse width
of 150 ps) as a light source. Data were obtained with an Edinburgh
Instruments FLS-980 spectrophotometer, with a 5 nm bandwidth and a
time resolution of 0.1 ns.
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