The photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements are performed on a custom built fixed angle setup (scattering angle: 45°) utilizing a Helium–Neon-Laser (632.8 nm, 21 mW, Thorlabs, USA) and two photomultipliers (ALV/SO-SIPD, ALV-GmbH, Germany) in a pseudo-cross correlation configuration. The signal is correlated with an ALV-6010 multiple-tau correlator (ALV-GmbH, Germany) and analyzed using an inverse Laplace transformation via the CONTIN program by S. Provencher.33,34 (link) The temperature was controlled via a thermostat (Phoenix II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA together with Haake C25P, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The samples are placed in a decalin filled refractive index matching bath which is equilibrated at the desired temperature for 25 minutes.
Haake c25p
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The Haake C25P is a capillary rheometer designed for measuring the viscosity and flow properties of various materials, including polymers, composites, and other complex fluids. It features a temperature-controlled sample chamber and a high-precision pressure transducer to accurately measure the flow behavior of the sample under controlled shear conditions.
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5 protocols using haake c25p
1
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy of Samples
2
Temperature-Dependent Dynamic Light Scattering
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Temperature-dependent dynamic light scattering measurements were done at a fixed scattering angle of 60° (angular dependent measurements were already reported in a previous article35 (link)). The experimental setup was partially home-made with a He-Ne laser (HNL210L-EC, 632.8 nm, Thorlabs, Newton, USA) a detector (SO-SIPD, ALV GmbH, Langen, Germany) and a digital multiple tau hardware correlator (ALV-6010, ALV GmbH, Langen, Germany). The sample was placed in a decalin bath to match the refractive index of the goniometer windows and the cuvette. The temperature was controlled using a refrigerated bath (Haake C25P, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) equipped with a controller (Phoenix II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA). Results are reported in terms of the hydrodynamic radius Rh as a function of temperature.
3
Dynamic Light Scattering Protocol for Nanomaterial Analysis
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The PCS measurements were performed on a custom-built fixed-angle setup (scattering angle : 60°) utilizing a He–Ne Laser (wavelength nm, 21 mW, Thorlabs, Newton, MA, USA) and two photomultipliers (ALV/SO-SIPD, ALV-GmbH, Langen, Germany) in a pseudo-cross-correlation configuration. The signal was correlated with an ALV-6010 multiple-tau correlator (ALV GmbH, Langen, Germany). Subsequently, the intensity–time correlation functions were converted to the field–time correlation function and analyzed using the CONTIN software [62 (link)]. However, an analysis using a second-order cumulant function also leads to the same result within the exp. precision. The temperature was controlled via a thermostat (Phoenix II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA together with Haake C25P, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and the sample was equilibrated for 25 min inside the decaline-filled refractive index matching bath. For each temperature, 5 consecutive measurements were performed. The obtained mean relaxation rates of the functions were converted to the hydrodynamic radius by
Here, is the Boltzmann constant, the solvent viscosity (water), T the temperature in Kelvin, and the magnitude of the scattering vector. n is the refractive index of the solvent.
Here, is the Boltzmann constant, the solvent viscosity (water), T the temperature in Kelvin, and the magnitude of the scattering vector. n is the refractive index of the solvent.
4
Rheological Properties of Ketorolac Sodium Hydrogel
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The rheological properties of the sodium hydrogel containing 2% ketorolac tromethamine were determined by a rotational Haake RheoStress 1 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) equipped with cone-plate geometry (Haake C60/2° Ti, 60 mm diameter, 0.105 mm gap between cone-plate). Measurements were performed in duplicate at 32 °C (Thermo Haake Phoenix II + Haake C25P), the program consisted of a 3 steps shear profile: (1) a ramp-up period from 0 to 100 s−1 during 3 min, (2) followed by a constant shear rate period at 100 s−1 for 1 min, and (3) the ramp-down period from 100 to 0 s−1 for 3 min. Steady-state viscosity, determined at t0, at 32 °C, was also calculated from the constant shear stretch at 100 s−1.
The flow data obtained were fitted to different mathematical models (Table 4 ) to describe the flow curve and characterize the flow properties:
The flow data obtained were fitted to different mathematical models (
5
Dynamic Light Scattering Nanoparticle Analysis
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The PCS measurements were performed on a custom-built setup with a fixed scattering angle : 60 • , utilizing a He-Ne Laser (wavelength = 632.8 nm, 21 mW, Thorlabs, Newton, MA, USA) and two photomultipliers (ALV/SO-SIPD, ALV-GmbH, Langen, Germany) in a pseudo-cross-correlation configuration. The signal was correlated with an ALV-6010 multiple-tau correlator (ALV-GmbH, Langen, Germany). Subsequently, the intensity-time correlation functions were converted to the field-time correlation function g 1 (t) and analyzed using the CONTIN software [34] (link). However, an analysis using a second-order cumulant function also leads to the same result within the experimental precision. The temperature was controlled via a thermostat (Phoenix II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA or a Haake C25P, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and the sample was equilibrated for 25 min inside the decaline-filled refractive index matching bath. For each temperature, 5 consecutive measurements were performed. The obtained mean relaxation rates Γ of the g 1 (t) functions were converted to the hydrodynamic radius by:
where k B is the Boltzmann constant, the solvent viscosity (water), T the temperature in Kelvin, and q = 4 n sin 2 the magnitude of the scattering vector. n is the refractive index of the solvent.
where k B is the Boltzmann constant, the solvent viscosity (water), T the temperature in Kelvin, and q = 4 n sin 2 the magnitude of the scattering vector. n is the refractive index of the solvent.
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