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Dual energy x ray absorptiometry

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Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a diagnostic imaging technique used to measure bone mineral density. It utilizes two distinct X-ray energy levels to differentiate between bone and soft tissue, allowing for precise quantification of bone mass.

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Lab products found in correlation

Osteomark, by Creative Diagnostics (1 mentions) 770 body composition analyzer, by InBody (1 mentions) Animal temperature controller, by World Precision Instruments (1 mentions) Bone densitometer, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions) Encore 2006, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)

25 protocols using dual energy x ray absorptiometry

1

Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition

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Fasting weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a calibrated scale. Height (to the nearest 0.1 cm) was measured in triplicate by stadiometer. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated and standard deviation BMI scores (BMIz) were calculated following Center of Disease Control and Prevention growth standards for age and sex24 and used to determine weight status. Given that BMI is known to inconsistently capture differences in adiposity,35 (link) fat mass (kg) was also assessed directly by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (GE Healthcare, Madison WI).
Parker M.N., LeMay-Russell S., Schvey N.A., Crosby R.D., Ramirez E., Kelly N.R., Shank L.M., Byrne M.E., Engel S.G., Swanson T.N., Djan K.G., Kwarteng E.A., Faulkner L.M., Zenno A., Brady S.M., Yanovski S.Z., Tanofsky-Kraff M, & Yanovski J.A. (2021). Associations of Sleep with Food Cravings and Loss-of-Control Eating in Youth: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Pediatric obesity, 17(2), e12851.
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2

Femoral Bone Mineral Density Assessment

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The BMD of total femurs and femur necks was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (General Electric, Madison, WI, USA), and assessed using the PIXImus2 software.
Huh J.E., Kim S.J., Kang J.W., Nam D.W., Choi D.Y., Park D.S, & Lee J.D. (2014). The Standardized BHH10 Extract, a Combination of Astragalus membranaceus, Cinnamomum cassia, and Phellodendron amurense, Reverses Bone Mass and Metabolism in a Rat Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Phytotherapy Research, 29(1), 30-39.
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3

Dietary Intake and Body Composition Assessment

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Daily energy, and macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were assessed through a 24-hour food recall. Data were analyzed using ESHA’s Food Processor® Nutrition Analysis software. For baseline and final visits, body composition was assessed through dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry (General Electric); patients were asked to fast for a minimum of 4 hours. For assessing insulin resistance, we used the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance given by the following formula: glucose × fasting insulin/405 and the oral glucose insulin sensitivity index (OGIS) [16 (link),17 (link)].
Sevilla-Gonzalez M.D., Bourguet-Ramirez B., Lazaro-Carrera L.S., Martagon-Rosado A.J., Gomez-Velasco D.V, & Viveros-Ruiz T.L. (2022). Evaluation of a Web Platform to Record Lifestyle Habits in Subjects at Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in a Middle-Income Population: Prospective Interventional Study. JMIR Diabetes, 7(1), e25105.
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4

Anthropometric Assessment of Adolescents

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Anthropometry (height and weight) at 17 years of age was assessed using a stadiometer (SECA 213, Birmingham, United Kingdom) and body mass (kilogram) using electronic weighing scales (Marsden M-110, Rotherham, United Kingdom) (1 (link), 7 (link)). Body composition (total fat mass and lean mass) was assessed using a dual-energy Xray absorptiometry (GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI, United States) scanner as earlier described (1 (link), 7 (link)). We calculated body mass index by dividing weight by squared height.
, & Agbaje A.O. (2022). Mediating role of body composition and insulin resistance on the association of arterial stiffness with blood pressure among adolescents: The ALSPAC study. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 939125.
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5

Evaluating Visceral Fat Measurement

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Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) using the Quetelet index (kilograms per square meter). Waist and hip circumferences were measured for the calculation of waist-to-hip ratio. A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE-Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA) scan was acquired with a total body scanner for each participant to determine visceral fat amount as previously described (35 (link)). In brief, participants were required to wear light clothes and lie supine with arms at their sides while undergoing the scan. They were not allowed to wear any metal objects. CoreScan software was used to estimate the visceral fat mass based on measurement of abdominal area and subcutaneous adipose tissue during the scan.
Li L., Garvey W.T, & Gower B.A. (2017). Childhood Maltreatment Is an Independent Risk Factor for Prediabetic Disturbances in Glucose Regulation. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 8, 151.
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6

Bone Mineral Density and Biochemical Markers

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BMD at the L2 to L4 lumbar spine (L-BMD) and total hip (H-BMD) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Healthcare, WI, USA), and a quality assurance test was carried out on every measurement to detect machine drift. The interassay variance of the L-BMD measurement in our laboratory was 0.5 ± 0.5% (CV ± SD). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH] D) levels were measured using ECLIA. The serum level of calcium was corrected (cCa) based on the serum albumin level using the following formula: cCa = (Calcium + 4)-albumin. Serum levels of bone-derived alkaline phosphatase (BAP; Ostase CLEA; Beckman Coulter, Atlanta, GA, USA) and urinary excretion of type I collagen-cross-linked N-telopeptides (NTx; Osteomark; Creative Diagnostics, NY, USA) were also measured. The urinary excretion of pentosidine and plasma levels of total homocysteine were measured using an HPLC system after hydrolysis of the urine samples3 (link),4 (link). Plasma levels of total homocysteine were measured using an HPLC system. All chemical parameters mentioned above were measured at the central laboratory (LSI Medience, Tokyo, Japan).
Kuroda T., Shiraki M., Saito M, & Urano T. (2024). Spinal osteoarthritis is a risk of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Scientific Reports, 14, 3528.
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7

Pediatric Metabolic and Psychiatric Evaluation

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Individuals completed two screening visits at an outpatient pediatric clinic at the National Institutes of Health Hatfield Clinical Research Center. During the first visit, youth provided written assent and parents/guardians gave written consent. Families then completed a medical history and youth underwent a physical examination that included determination of pubertal development (32 (link), 33 (link)). Youth then completed several surveys, including the Children’s Depression Inventory (34 ), as well as two semi-structured psychiatric interviews to determine eligibility. During the second visit, participants arrived in a fasted state. Their height was measured in triplicate by stadiometer and their weight was measured by a calibrated scale. Participants were then asked to consume in its entirety a standard breakfast shake (21% of estimated daily energy needs; 17% protein, 16% fat, and 67% carbohydrate), the amount of which was determined using measured body weight, height, age, and an activity factor based on self-reported average physical activity during the previous week (35 (link), 36 ). Participants then completed several cognitive tasks and had their fat and lean mass measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (GE Healthcare, Madison WI). At approximately 12:00PM, participants ate lunch from a large buffet test meal.
Kelly N.R., Jaramillo M., Ramirez S., Altman D.R., Rubin S.G., Yang S.B., Courville A.B., Shank L.M., Byrne M.E., Lemay-Russell S., Brady S.M., Broadney M.M., Tanofsky-Kraff M, & Yanovski J.A. (2020). Executive Functioning and Disinhibited Eating in Children and Adolescents. Pediatric obesity, 15(6), e12614.
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8

Physical Factors Influence on HRQOL

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To analyze the effects of physical factors on HRQOL, we performed physical measurements. Handgrip strength was measured using a hand dynamometer (TL110; TOEI LIGHT CO., LTD., Saitama, Japan). Appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) was measured by bio-impedance analysis using an Inbody770 body composition analyzer (Inbody, Seoul, Korea). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the lumbar spine (L2-L4) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Clinical and demographic data were collected from patient records at each clinic.
Takahashi A., Abe M., Yasunaka T., Arinaga-Hino T., Abe K., Takaki A., Torimura T., Zeniya M., Yoshizawea K., Kang J.H., Suzuki Y., Nakamoto N., Inui A., Tanaka A., Takikawa H, & Ohira H. (2020). Quality of life among patients with autoimmune hepatitis in remission: A comparative study. Medicine, 99(43), e22764.
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9

Metabolic and Sleep Assessment in Mice

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Core body temperature was measured using a rectal probe connected to Animal Temperature Controller (#ATC2000; World Precision Instruments). Fat mass, lean mass, and percentage of fat were determined using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (GE Medical Systems). For energy expenditure measurement, mice were placed in metabolic cages, and energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry using the MARS system from Sables Systems (Las Vegas, NV) for the Tm-CMV-KO, and the Columbus CLAMS system (Columbus, OH) for the Tm-AKO mice. Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and RQ are measured for each mouse. Animals are habituated during the first 16 h and measurements and data recorded during the subsequent 24 h. Total activity and sleep behavior were measured by Open-Field activity monitoring. The number of beam breaks across the X–Y axis is measured to determine total activity. Sleep and sleep fragmentation assessments are based on a model developed by Pack et al for high-throughput phenotyping of sleep in mice42 (link). The technique uses activity/inactivity assessments as a measure of sleep, with sleep defined as any bout of inactivity of ≥ 40 s. Based on their results, we measure activity across a 24-h period, distinguishing between light and dark phases to assess sleep and sleep fragmentation.
Srikantan S., Deng Y., Cheng Z.M., Luo A., Qin Y., Gao Q., Sande-Docor G.M., Tao S., Zhang X., Harper N., Shannon C.E., Fourcaudot M., Li Z., Kasinath B.S., Harrison S., Ahuja S., Reddick R.L., Dong L.Q., Abdul-Ghani M., Norton L., Aguiar R.C, & Dahia P.L. (2019). The tumor suppressor TMEM127 regulates insulin sensitivity in a tissue-specific manner. Nature Communications, 10, 4720.
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10

Measuring Bone Density and Quality of Life in Elderly Patients

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Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: (GE Medical Systems, USA), bone densitometer was used to measure BMD at the neck of the femur, lumbar spine (L3-L5) and right distal radial head for each patient of the respective groups before and after physical therapy intervention.[6 (link)8 (link)9 (link)10 (link)] DEXA was used to detect “T-score,” which is the number of standard deviations above or below the mean BMD for normal young adults. Osteoporosis is defined as a “T-score” < −2.5.[6 (link)8 (link)10 (link)]
ECOS-16 HRQoL questionnaire was used to evaluate the effects of both programs on the QoL of the elderly subjects.[22 (link)] ECOS-16 questionnaire is a self-administered questionnaire is consisting of 16 items: 12 items from the QoL Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and 4 items from the osteoporosis QoL Questionnaire. ECOS-16 questionnaire includes four dimensions dealing with physical function, pain, fear of illness and psychosocial function. The score for each item ranges from 1 (best HRQoL) to 5 (worst HRQoL). The time frame for completing the questionnaire was 1 week. All items had the same weight on the overall questionnaire score which was, calculated as the mean score of all response items.[26 (link)]
Shanb A.A, & Youssef E.F. (2014). The impact of adding weight-bearing exercise versus nonweight bearing programs to the medical treatment of elderly patients with osteoporosis. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 21(3), 176-181.
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