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11 protocols using axiovision 40v 4

1

Measuring Striatal Neuron Characteristics

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Striatal GFP neurons were examined on sections using a Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 fluorescent microscope equipped with a Zeiss Colibri LED illumination system and a Zeiss AxioCam MRc camera (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), with a 20× objective. We used 9 × 9 tiles with a 10% overlap to create panoramic images. Mosaic stitching was carried out using AxioVision 40 V 4.8.2.0 software (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
The diameter and area of the neuron cell bodies were determined on sections with the AxioVision 40 V 4.8.2.0 software using the line and outline tools, respectively. This analysis was performed on cells with a visible nucleus and axonal hillock. The neuron size was determined by drawing a line from the axonal hillock to the opposite edge of the cell.
For microscopy of living neurons stained with DRAQ5 and GFP, the sorted suspension was placed on a coverslip and covered with a round coverslip, 15 mm in diameter. The resulting preparations were studied under a Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 fluorescent microscope. Images were acquired at a 40× objective and analyzed using AxioVision 40 V 4.8.2.0 software. Living neuron microscopy was performed over the entire area of the coverslip, 176.7 mm2, analyzing images of all sorted cells.
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2

Lentiviral Transduction of miR-1290 in Neural Cells

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The miR-1290-expressing lentiviral vector (pLV-miR-1290) and the packaging mix (LTR-pack-1 and LTR-pack-2) were purchased from Biosettia and viral preparations were done as per the instructions. Briefly, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells were transfected with pLV-miR1290, LTR-pack-1 and LTR-pack-2 using XtremeGene HP transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Cell supernatant containing virions was collect 48 and 72 h after transfection, and concentrated by ultracentrifugation. pLV vector without insert was used as control. Lentivirus titer was determined using HIV p24 ELISA assay (Express Biotech International, Thurmont, MD, USA).
SH-SY5Y cells or H9-NPCs were grown in vitro till they achieve 80% confluency and transduced with miR-1290 or control lentivirus at a concentration of 5 × 106 lentiviral particles/ml. Successful transduction was confirmed by visualizing dsRED expression. At 5 days after transduction, cells were visualized in Zeiss Observer.Z1 microscope equipped with Axiocam MRm camera using Axiovision 40 v.4.8.0.0 software (CarlZeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
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3

EV Labeling and Uptake in MDMs

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EVs were purified from U1 and U937 cell culture and separated into 10 K and 100 K EVs. A 1.5 μL fluorescent label of BODIPY™ 493/503 (Cat. # D3922; Invitrogen™) was mixed with 50 μL EVs and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. Any unbound BODIPY was filtered out using a Pharmacia G-50 spin column (1 mL bed volume in PBS buffer; 2000 rpm/2 min; Sorval RT6000D), yielding 30 μL of labeled EVs. In biological triplicate, five microliters of labeled EVs were added onto MDMs (50,000 cells on each coverslip in 200 μL at cell: EV ratios 1:10,000). Treated cells were analyzed with confocal microscopy at the UNMC core facility. The prolong gold antifade mounted slides were imaged in Zeiss Observer.Z1 microscope equipped with a monochromatic Axiocam MRm camera using Axiovision 40 v.4.8.0.0 software (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). The red, green, and blue colors were assigned to Alexa Fluor 568, KC57-FITC, and DAPI, respectively.
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4

Quantifying Stromal Thickness in Tissue Sections

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Sections of each sample (four stromae for each condition) were fixed in Histochoice tissue fixative (Amresco, Solon, OH, USA) and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections 5 µm thick were cut and stained using Masson’s trichrome (MT). The thickness of the stroma was assessed using a Zeiss Axio Imager M2 microscope equipped with an AxioCam HR Rev3 camera (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Images were processed with the AxioVision 40 V4.8.2.0software (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), and scale bars were added with ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). Images were analyzed using ImageJ software. A total of nine measurements were made on three MT-stained images (×40 magnification) of reconstructed tissues.
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5

Quantifying Osteoclasts in Tibial Bone

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TRAP-stained proximal tibial sections were used to morphologically identify and quantify osteoclasts. A Zeiss Axioskop 40 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) was used in combination with AxioVision40 v4.8.2.0 (Carl Zeiss) at a magnification of 40. A region of interest consisting of five square fields (300 μm × 300 μm) was set 300 μm distally of the center of the tibial growth plate within the trabecular bone.
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6

Immunodetection of 5-Methylcytosine in Chromosomes

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Postfixation of the slides was performed according to the published protocol (Lysak et al. 2006 (link)). Briefly, the slides were postfixed in 4 % formaldehyde in 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 10 min at room temperature, washed twice in 1× PBS for 5 min each, and dehydrated in an ethanol series (70, 90, and 100 %). The immunodetection was performed according to Zhang et al. (2008 (link)) using mouse anti-5-methylcytosine (1:500, Eurogentec) detected with Alexa Flour 568 goat anti-mouse IgG (Life Technologies). The chromosomes were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Images were taken with Zeiss Axio Imager M2 microscope, equipped with AxioCam MRm, and controlled by Axio Vision 40 V4.8.2.0. Adobe Photoshop CS5 (Adobe Systems Incorporated) was used to produce publication images.
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7

Acridine Orange Staining of NCCIT-R Cells

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NCCIT-R cells were pre-incubated overnight in 8-chamber glass slides (5 × 104 cells/chamber). The medium was changed with medium containing different concentrations of the substances examined, and cells were treated for 60 min. Then cells were washed twice with PBS solution, stained with 0.5 μg/mL of acridine orange/PBS for 15 min at 37°C, covered with DAPI-based ProLong® Gold reagent (Life Technologies, Eugene, OR, USA), and immediately analyzed with AxioScope.A1 (Carl Zeiss) microscope and with the AxioVision40 V4.8 software (Carl Zeiss Imaging Solutions, Göttingen, Germany). Red fluorescence measurements and quantification were performed with Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, USA).
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8

Quantifying Cathepsin B Release in NCCIT-R Cells

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To assess release of cathepsin B into the extracellular space, NCCIT-R cells were pre-incubated overnight in 6-well plates (2 × 105 cells/well), and were then treated with MonA for 48 h. After trypsination, cells were immobilized on glass slides using the cytospin method and dried overnight. Cells were fixed with 2% (w/v) PFA/PBS, washed with PBS and permeabilized with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 solution in 2% (v/v) normal goat serum/PBS for 30 min. After washing with PBS, samples were treated with 1:400 rabbit anti-cathepsin B antibody solution (in 0.1% (w/v) NaN3; 0.2% (w/v) BSA in PBS, pH 7.4) overnight at 4°C, washed with PBS and incubated with secondary anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated antibody solution in PSB for 1 h at RT. Then, samples were washed with PBS, covered with DAPI-based ProLong® Gold reagent (Life Technologies) and directly analyzed with AxioScope.A1 (Carl Zeiss) microscope and with the AxioVision40 V4.8 software (Carl Zeiss Imaging Solutions).
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9

Morphometric Analysis of Adipocytes in Rats

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Morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were performed in the four WAT depots from 14-month-old rats. Fragments of tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer pH 7.3 overnight at 4°C, and then washed in the same buffer. For paraffin embedding, samples were dehydrated in ethanol, cleared in xylene, and embedded in paraffin blocks at 60°C.
For immunohistochemistry analysis, 5 μm sections were immunostained by means of the avidin-biotin technique using a commercial anti-MAC2 antibody (1:350 in PBS, Cederlane, Hornby, Ontario, Canada), counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted in Eukitt (Kindler, Freiburg, Germany). Images were acquired with a Zeiss Axioskop 2 microscope equipped with AxioCam ICc3 digital camera and AxioVision 40V 4.6.3.0 Software (Carl Zeiss, S.A., Barcelona, Spain). The software was also used to measure the diameter of 100 adipocytes (from one random field) in two non-consecutive hematoxylin/eosin stained sections. Image analysis from all groups was examined in a blind fashion.
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10

Adipocyte Quantification and UCP1 Immunohistochemistry

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The number of adipocytes was counted in hematoxylin-eosin-stained tissue sections of rWAT. Results were expressed as the number of adipocytes per area (mm2). For immunohistochemistry analysis, serial sections of rWAT fixed samples were incubated with normal goat serum 2% in PBS pH 7.3 to block unspecific sites, and then with primary rabbit polyclonal UCP1 antibody (GeneTex International Corporation; Irvine, CA, USA) diluted 1:200 in PBS overnight at 4 °C. Sections were then incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories; Burlingame, CA, USA) diluted at 1:200, and finally with ABC complex (Vectastain ABC kit, Vector; Burlingame, CA, USA). Peroxidase activity was revealed with Sigma Fast 3,3TM-diaminobenzidine (Sigma-Aldrich; Madrid, Spain) as substrate. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted in Eukitt (O. Kindler; Freiburg, Germany). Images were acquired with a Zeiss Axioskop 2 microscope equipped with an AxioCam ICc3 digital camera and AxioVision 40V 4.6.3.0 software (Carl Zeiss).
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