Concanavalin a c2010

Concanavalin A (C2010) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and dissolved in saline solution at a concentration of 4 μg/μL. RB6-8C5mAb was purchased from BioxCell (Lebanon, NH, USA), and Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK, AC-YVAD-cmk, and Z-DEVD-FMK were purchased from MCE (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). The working concentrations of Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK, AC-YVAD-cmk, and Z-DEVD-FMK were 50 μM, 80 μM, and 100 μM, respectively, according to articles previously reports [42 (link),43 (link),44 (link)]. Alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) hepatocytes were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC CRL-2254TM). AML12 hepatocytes were maintained at 37 °C in DMEM/F-12 (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Yeasen, Shanghai, China) and penicillin/streptomycin (final concentration, 100 U/mL and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively) in a 5% CO₂ humidified incubator.

Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP, C2920), antimycin A (A8674), rotenone (R8875), monensin sodium salt (monensin, M5273), 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG, D6134), Hoechst 33342 (Hoechst, B2261), Concanavalin A (C2010), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli (L2637), bovine serum albumin (BSA, A6003), Triton-X 100 (T8787), sodium chloride (S9888) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium powder without phenol red and HEPES (R8755) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). RPMI 1640 medium without phenol red and HEPES (11835030), Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, 14190094), Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS, 14175095) and penicillin–streptomycin (15140122) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). XF RPMI assay medium pH 7.4 (103576–100), XF 1.0 M glucose (103576–100), XF 100 mM pyruvate (103578–100) and XF 200 mM glutamine (103579–100) were purchased from Seahorse Biosciences, Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, California, USA). Interleukin 4 (IL4, 214-14) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ, 315-05) were purchased from Peprotech (London, UK).