Isethionic acid

β-cyclodextrin (βCD) was provided by Roquette Freres (Lestrem, France) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), triethylamine, pyromellitic dianhydride, carbonyl diimidazole, 1,4 butanediol diglycidyl ether, isethionic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), oxalic acid, and sodium hypophosphite monohydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Levulinic acid was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). βCD was dried in an oven at 75 °C up to constant weight before use.

Acetonitrile was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All the solvents for mass spectrometry were of analytical grade purity. Water (resistivity, 18.2 MΩcm) was purified using a Milli-Q System (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). Formic acid was purchased from Honeywell Fluka (Muskrgon, MI, USA). Cysteic acid and isethionic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate and sulfoquinovose were purchased from MCAT GmbH (Donaueschingen, Germany). Taurine was purchased from Roth GmbH (Karlruhe, Germany). The solutions, and their chemical compositions, used for cultivation are listed in Table 4.