Sodium trifluoroacetate (
Na-TFA, Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, United Kingdom) was prepared at 0.1 mg mL
−1 in methanol and used as an external calibrant. An additional internal calibration was performed in DataAnalysis 5.3 with a calibration list containing abundant homologous alkylated compounds corresponding to protonated molecular compositions containing 2, 5, and 7 oxygen atoms (O
2[H], O
5[H] and O
7[H], respectively). The samples were assigned using Composer 1.5.6 (Sierra Analytics, CA, USA) with molecular assignments corresponding to C
4–100H
4–1000O
0–20N
0–2S
0–4 with up to 0.8 ppm error in both protonated (“H”) or molecular ion form. Double bond equivalents (DBE), are calculated according to
eqn (2) where
c,
h and
n are the number of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms, respectively. KairosMS and custom R scripts were used for data visualization.
28 (link) Density diagrams, plotted using VKSim,
29 were used to visualise the distribution of molecules according to their H/C and O/C-values. The total number of compositions are reported including isotopic compositions unless otherwise specified. The intensity-weighted mean of the oxygenated heteroatomic classes, O
o, is calculated using
eqn (3)30
Palacio Lozano D.C., Jones H.E., Barrow M.P, & Wills M. (2023). Chemoselective derivatisation and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of hydroxyl functional groups within complex bio-oils. RSC Advances, 13(26), 17727-17741.