Pyris 1

DSC measurements were carried out using Perkin Elmer Pyris I instrument under N₂ atmosphere. Each samples of used about 5–10 mg. In this study, there are two program for measured thermal characteristic and crystallization behaviors respectively.
Program A: For measure thermal characteristics of each samples. The samples were heated from 30 to 190 °C at the heating rate of 7 °C/min and hold for 1 min to delete the prior thermal history. Afterwards, it was cooled to 30 °C at a cooling rate of 7 °C/min and reheated to 190 °C at 7 °C/min.
Program B: For study of crystallization behaviors in an isothermal crystallization process, each sample was heated from 30 to 190 °C at the heating rate of 7 °C/min and hold at final temperature for 5 min to guarantee a totally amorphous state, and then rapidly cooled at a cooling rate 35 °C/min to crystallization temperatures (T_c) of 95, 100, 105, 110, and 115 °C.

The thermal behaviour of the different formulations was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on three samples for each material type. Specimens were analysed in a Pyris I (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA), according to the following thermal program: Heating from −25 °C to 180 °C (5 min hold), cooling to −25 °C, and heating to 180 °C, all steps at 10 °C/min. The measurements were carried out in nitrogen flow. The degree of crystallinity (X_c) of the samples was calculated according to Equation (4): $X_c(\%)=\frac{\Delta H_m}{\Delta H_m^0\left(1-w_f\right)}·100$
where ΔH_m represents the experimental enthalpy of melting of the sample (J/g), ΔH_m⁰ the enthalpy of melting for 100% crystalline HDPE (J/g), taken as 293 J/g [28 (link)], and w_f is the weight fraction of fibres.

Thermal decomposition analysis of lyophilized OP and collagen samples (collagen, OPC with different OP dosages and GC) was carried out using Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (Pyris I, PerkinElmer, USA). About 5 mg specimen per sample was taken for the analysis from 25 to 600°C at a heating rate of 10^oC min⁻¹ under nitrogen atmosphere, and the flow rate of nitrogen was 20 cm³ min⁻¹.

The TGA of starch was carried out using a TGA system (Pyris 1, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) following the method of Zhang et al. [52 (link)]. The sample was heated from room temperature to 800 °C at 10 °C/min. The change in sample weight against temperature was measured and analyzed.

Thermal analysis studies were carried out by a Perkin–Elmer Pyris 1 differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (Waltham, MA, USA) calibrated with indium and zinc standards in order to examine the crystallinity ratio of the active substances in the final formulations. About 5 mg of each sample were placed in sealed aluminum pans and heated up from 30 to 105 °C with a heating rate 20 °C/min in inert atmosphere (N₂, flow rate 50 mL/min), were the current temperature was held for 1 min in order to remove the absorbed water, then samples were cooled to 30 °C and heated up again from 30 to 300 °C. The thermograms addressed were collected from the second heating scan.

The thermal degradation of rubber samples was carried out by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA, Perkin Elmer, Pyris 1, CT, USA.). The sample was weighted to 5.0 ± 0.2 mg in alumina crucibles. TGA was conducted from ambient to 800 °C at a heating rate of 40 °C/min under an air flow at 20 mL/min. Continuous recordings of the rubber sample’s temperature, mass, and heat flow were performed.