Xrd 7000 x ray diffractometer

X-ray
diffraction (XRD) patterns of kaolin and Ag-NPs/kaolin composite powders
were performed on an XRD-7000 X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu, Japan)
using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) at a 40 kV generator
voltage and 30 mA generator current. The scanned 2θ range was
from 10° to 80°, and the scanning rate was 3°/min.
The UV absorption spectra were obtained on a Cary 60 UV–vis
spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California,
USA). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on
an FT/IR-6600 FT-IR spectrometer (JASCO International Co., Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan) between 4000 and 400 cm^–1. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) surface area, pore volume, and pore size measurements were done
using Quantachrome NovaWin-Data Acquisition and Reduction for NOVA
instruments 1994–2010, Quantachrome Instruments version 11.0
at 77.3 K. The BET model determined the surface areas of beneficiated
kaolin and Ag-NPs/Kaolin composite according to the BET isotherm at
a P/P₀ ratio from 0.0458
to 0.297. The samples were exposed to an overnight drying process
at 90 °C to eliminate any volatile moisture and pollutants that
had been adsorbed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were
observed by JEOL NeoScope JCM-6000Plus Benchtop SEM (HITACHI, Japan)
at accelerating voltages of 10 and 15 kV.

A CO₂ critical point dryer (13200JE-AB) was employed to obtain the aerogels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, NANOSEM450, US) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G2 F30) instruments equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) equipment were utilized to characterize the morphologies of the as-prepared materials. XPS data were collected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Kratos, Axis Supra). XRD patterns were obtained with a SHIMADZU XRD-7000 X-ray diffractometer. The samples for the XPS and XRD test were prepared by dropping a certain amount of material solution onto a Ti substrate (about 6 mg sample). UV-vis spectroscopy of the supernatant of the hydrogel solution was performed on a U-3900H UV/VIS spectrophotometer (2J2-0034). The N₂ physisorption isotherms and the distribution of the pore size of the materials were obtained using an ASAP 2460 surface area and porosity analyzer (Micromeritics). The electrochemical activation of PdO_x was conducted via the chronoamperometry method. The reduction degree of PdO_x could be controlled by adjusting the potential and the treating time. The electrocatalytic performance of samples was tested by utilizing a CHI660E electrochemical workstation (Shanghai Chenhua Instruments Co., Ltd, China) with a standard three-electrode system at room temperature.

To assess the crystallinity of the AE loaded in LCNPs, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out using XRD-7000 X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Cu K_α1 radiation was selected by a Ni monochromator. The diffraction pattern was carried out in a step scan model with a voltage of 30 kV and a current of 30 mA in the range of 10°<2θ<40°, with a step size of 0.02°. Samples assessed were free AE and lyophilized powdered samples of blank LCNPs, AE-LCNPs, and AE-PEGylated LCNPs.

The biosynthesis of AgNPs and the reduction of silver ions was analyzed for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) by using double beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Agilent technologies, Cary 60 UV-Vis; USA) in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm. The FTIR analysis was carried out using FTIR spectrometer (PerkinElmer spectrum LS-65-Luminescence; USA). The FTIR spectra of the synthesized AgNPs were obtained in the range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹. The FTIR spectrometer was used to determine the organic functional groups linked to the surface of silver nanoparticles responsible for the reduction, stabilizing and capping agents. The XRD analysis was also carried out to reveal the crystallographic nature of the biosynthesized AgNPs using advanced X-ray Diffractometer (Shimadzu Corporation (Japan); XRD-7000 X-ray Diffractometer) with Cu-Kα radiation of wavelength 1.5406 Å and scanning angle 2θ from 10° to 90°.

The functional groups on the surface of the adsorbent were determined using FTIR (FTIR, Perkin Elmer, spectrum RXI 83303, MA, USA). Elemental analysis was achieved using Perkin Elmer series II CHNS/O analyzer (Perkin Elmer, 2400, MA, USA). Surface morphology was studied using SEM (SEM, JEOL JSM-6360LV, Tokyo, Japan) coupled with EDS (EDS, Thermo Noran, 6714A-ISUS-SN, WI, USA). Further structural information was obtained using X-ray diffraction (XRD-7000 X-Ray diffractometer, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) with filtered Cu Kα radiation operated at 40 kV and 40 mA. The XRD pattern was recorded from 10 to 80 °C of 2θ per second with a scanning speed of 2.0000° of 2θ per minute. Zeta potential was determined using a zeta potential analyzer (DT1200, Dispersion technology, NY, USA) and thermal stability and fraction of volatile components was monitored using DTA-TG apparatus (C30574600245, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The surface area was determined by nitrogen adsorption at 373 K using BET method in a Quantachrome Autosorb 1 instrument (10902042401, Florida, USA).