Acetonitrile

The herb Alhagi was obtained from the Turpan Depression (Xinjiang, China) and identified by Professor Yonghe Li (College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China). Specimens of the herbs (NO: LTC_20190612) were stored in the herbarium center of the Xinjiang Institute of Chinese MateriaMedica and Ethnodrug. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS; No.0216011080, 36,000–50,000Da) was purchased from MP Biomedicals and dissolved in 0.9% NaCl to a final 2.5%. Chromatographic grade methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid were obtained from CNW Technologies (Shanghai, China). Sulfasalazine (SASP) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). SuperSignal™ West Pico PLUS and Chemiluminescent Substrate were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Antibodies against TLR₄ (Cat.No.bs-20594R), NF-κBp65 (Cat.No.bs-0465R), p-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) (Cat.No.bs-0982R), and IK-Kβ (Cat.No.bs-4880R) were purchased from Beijing Boaosen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The antibody p-IKKα/β (Ser176/180) (Cat. No. 2694S) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Goat Anti-Mouse or Anti-Rabbit IgG was purchased from Abcam. A mouse IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α ELISA kits were purchased from Lianke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Xinjiang, China).

The equipment and reagents used in this study included: High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (QE Plus, Thermo Fisher Technologies, Waltham, MA, United States), PCR Amplifier (580BR10905, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States), Bioanalyzer (2100, Aglient, Santa Clara, CA, United States), NanoDrop (2000, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, United States). High performance liquid chromatography (Dionex U3000 UHPLC, Thermo Fisher Technologies, Waltham, MA, United States). A chromatographic column, (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), was purchased from Waters (ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3, Milford, MA, United States). A DNeasy PowerSoil Kit (Cat. No. 12888) and QIAamp 96 PowerFecal QIAcube HT kit (Cat. No. 51531) was purchased from QIAGEN (Germantown, MD, United States). Qubit dsDNA Assay Kit (Cat. No. Q32854) was purchased from Life Technologies (Eugene, OR, United States). A Tks Gflex DNA Polymerase (Cat. No. R0608) was purchased from Takara (Dalian, China). All chemicals and solvents were analytical or HPLC-grade. Water, methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid were purchased from CNW Technologies GmbH (Düsseldorf, Germany). L-2-chlorophenylalanine was purchased from Shanghai Hengchuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).