Bismuth 3 nitrate pentahydrate

Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂∙2H₂O), monosodium phosphate monohydrate (NaH₂PO₄∙H₂O), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO₃)₃∙5H₂O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethanol and acetone were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany) and used without further purification.

Urea powder (CH₄N₂O; 60.06 g/mol, ≥99.5%) was procured from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany) as the precursor for the synthesis of g-C₃N₄ and urea-assisted synthesis of BiFeO₃, while diammonium hydrogen phosphate [(NH₄)₂HPO₄; 132.07 g/mol, 98%] purchased from Reactivul Plus S.R.L (Bucharest, Romania) was used as a phosphorous source in the preparation of P-doped g-C₃N₄. Bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate (Bi (NO₃)₃·5H₂O; 485.07 g/mol, ≥98%), and iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe (NO₃)₃·9H₂O; 404 g/mol, ≥98%) procured from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) were employed as the precursor salts for the fabrication of perovskite BiFeO₃. Methyl alcohol (CH₃OH; 32.04 g/mol, 99.85%) and ethyl alcohol (C₃H₂OH; 46.07 g/mol, 99.5%) were acquired from Chemical Ch-C (Iasi, Romania). All chemical reagents were used as acquired without additional treatment.

Bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate, sodium tungsten oxide dehydrate, acetone, ethanol, nitric acid, orthophosphoric acid, ammonium fluoride and glucose were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Johannesburg, South Africa and were used as received. All reagents were in analytical grade and were used without further purification.

Bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O), ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO₃), tetraethyl orthosilicate (SiC₈H₂₀O₄), graphite flakes, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), hydrogen chloride (HCl), benzoquinone (C₆H₄O₂), isopropyl alcohol (C₃H₈O), ammonium oxalate (C₂H₈N₂O₄), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and were used as received without any further purification. The MB and phenol solution were prepared with DI water.

The following chemicals were used in the synthesis of our catalysts: Urea (CH₄N₂O; 60.06 g/mol, 99.5%) was purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO₃)₃.5H₂O; 485.07 g/mol, ≥98%), iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO₃)₃.9H₂O; 404 g/mol, ≥98%), and diethylene glycol (C₄H₁₀O₃; 106.12 g/mol, 99%) were procured from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid hexahydrate (H₂PtCl₆.6H₂O; 427.8 g/mol, ~40% Pt) was supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), while rhodamine B (C₂₈H₃₁CIN₂O₃; 479.02 g/mol, ≥98%) was obtained from ThermoFisher (Kandel, Germany). Isopropyl alcohol (C₃H₇OH; 60.10 g/mol, 99.7%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 34.01 g/mol, 30%), methanol (CH₃OH; 32.04 g/mol, 99.8%), and ethanol (C₂H₅OH; 46.07 g/mol, 96%) were obtained from Chemical Ch-C (Iasi, Romania). All chemicals were used as received without further purification, and all photocatalytic experiments started with an RhB dye stock solution of 100 mg/L, which was subsequently diluted to obtain the desired concentrations.

Gadolinium(III) acetate hydrate (99.9% trace metals basis), ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate (99.9%), tantalum(V) chloride (99.8%), tungsten(VI) chloride (99.9%), gold(III) chloride trihydrate (99.9%), bismuth(III) nitrate pentahydrate (98.0%), tantalum(V) ethoxide (99.98%), cyclohexane (99%), IGEPAL CO-520, ammonium hydroxide solution (28.0–30.0% NH₃ basis) and calcium phosphate (96.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride were obtained from Gelest, Inc (Morrisville, PA). Iomeron 400 mg/ml was purchased from Bracco (Milan, Italy). The cell lines used for in vitro experiments, HepG2, Renca, SVEC4-10EHR1, were provided by ATCC (Manassas, VA). LIVE/DEAD assay kits were purchased from Life Technologies Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY).