Fei talos f200

The crystallinity of samples was detected using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractometer (Bruker D8 Advance, Karlsruhe, Germany), equipped with a mono Cu Kα (λ = 1.541874 Å). And the version of measurement software was V6.5.0 (32 Bit) (Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany). Moreover, a UV-vis-NIR spectrometer (UV-3600, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used to measure diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) of the samples. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; Nexsa, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to determine the chemical compositions and the valence potential of the as-prepared samples. The morphologies of the samples were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM; JSM-700F, JEOL, Akishima, Japan), transmission electron microscopy (TEM; FEI Talos F200s, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM; FEI Talos F200s, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA). The elements were confirmed through energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS; FEI Talos F200s, USA). The existence of free radicals was tested through an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer (Bruker A300, Bruker, Munich, Germany)

The morphology of liposomes was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Talos F200S, Thermo Fisher Science, USA). The size distribution and Zeta potential of the liposomes were determined by Zetasizer (Zetasizer Nano ZS ZEN3600, Malvern, UK). The loading rate and encapsulation rate of TPP‐C4, LND, and TPP‐LND were determined by the high‐performance liquid chromatography (Agilent1260, USA) and UV–vis spectrometer (Lambda 25, PerkinElmer, USA), respectively.