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50 protocols using ligasure

1

Single-Incision Salpingectomy and Hysterectomy

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Patients underwent LESS salpingectomy and hysterectomy using a single umbilical incision, as described previously.7 (link) Briefly, the procedure was conducted as follows. A patient was placed in the lithotomy position. A single-port platform was positioned, followed by inflation with CO2. Salpingectomy was performed at the most proximal part of the fallopian tube (Figure 2A). Additional thermal cauterization (AD) of one of the uterine cornu was performed using a vessel sealing device for 10 seconds after the removal of the fallopian tube, and no additional cauterization (NO) was applied to the other side. We grasped the cutting edge of the cornu with the jaw of a LigaSure (Covidien, Boulder, CO, US) (Figure 2B). Hysterectomy was performed, and the uterus was subsequently removed through the vagina, followed by closure of the vaginal stump and the abdominal skin incision. Three tissue samples were collected from each cornu. Tissue samples were numbered 1–6 (Figure 2C); lateral sections of the tissues were designated 1and 6, intermediate sections of the tissues were designated 2 and 5, and medial sections of the tissues were designated 3 and 4.
A LigaSure 5-mm blunt tip laparoscopic instrument (LigaSure; LF1537, Covidien, Mansfield, MA, USA) was used for salpingectomy and additional cauterization.
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2

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Technique

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LC was performed using the right and left midclavicular ports as a working port. Initial dissection of Calot's triangle was followed by GB dissection off the liver bed using conventional hook or LigaSure (Covidien – USA). (Figure 1).
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3

Vibrating Dissection Device for Minimally Invasive Surgery

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The DD1 has a plastic tip made of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) that rapidly vibrates to mechanically tease tissues apart. (Figure 1) Vibration is driven by a motor and batteries that are in the handle, making the device cordless. A control knob in the handle adjusts the vibration speed. The surgeon controls dissection by determining the point of application of the vibrating tip, the speed of vibration, the force with which the tip is pushed into the tissue plane, and the force of countertraction.
Three different types of experiments were conducted on live, anaesthetized pigs: First, tissue trauma arising from transient contact with a variety of different tissues was evaluated for two devices: DD1 and electric scalpel (ES); Second, thermal measurements were made for four devices (DD1, ES, Harmonic (Ethicon, USA), and LigaSure (Covidien, Ireland)) via thermal videography. Third, the speed of dissection was compared between the DD1 and manual forceps for mobilizing the mesentery arteries of the small intestine. In our experience, 50% power setting (middle vibration speed) is suitable for most tissues. Additionally, the DD1 works best when the tissues are moist, so moistening the surface with saline permits more delicate dissection while also reducing the risk of desiccation.
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4

Laparoscopic Hysterectomy with Vaginal Extraction

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Patients were positioned in the 15° Trendelenburg position under general anesthesia. The anterior lip of the cervix was grasped with a tenaculum. A circumferential cervical incision was made via an 11-mm scalpel and/or cautery. Then, the cervical fascia was dissected by blunt and sharp dissections, and anterior and posterior colpotomy was performed. A GelPoint vPath (Applied Medical Resources Corp., Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, USA) was inserted into the vaginal opening.
After pneumoperitoneum with 12-15 mm Hg CO 2 insufflation, a 10-mm 30° telescope (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) was introduced for optimal imaging. Conventional laparoscopic devices such as graspers, a suction-irrigation device, scissors, bipolar forceps, and tissue sealing devices (LigaSure, 5-mm diameter, blunt tip; Covidien) were used where needed. Sacro-uterine ligaments, uterine arteries, and adnexal roots were sealed and cut caudally to cranially. The uterus and adnexa were extracted through the vaginal opening. The vaginal opening was closed with a Vicryl 1-0 suture (Ethicon, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
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5

Surgical Techniques for Abdominal Ischemia

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All procedures were performed by trained abdominal surgeons. Cholecystectomy used retrograde or anterograde (when pediculitis was too severe) techniques.
For small bowel or colon ischemia, the length of intestinal resection depended on the extension of ischemic lesions. The mesentery or mesocolon was ligated with a thermo-fusion instrument (Ligasure Ò , Covidien, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), and intestinal stoma was created with 3.0 Vicryl Ò . Bowel anastomoses when performed used a 65 or 80 GIA Ò stapler (AutoSuture Company, United States Surgical Corporation, Norwalk, CT).
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6

Comparative Evaluation of Vessel Sealing Devices

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We obtained an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval to perform the study experiments. We evaluated five VSDs: the Caiman 5 (C5; Aesculap, Inc., Center Valley, PA), Harmonic Scalpel Ace Plus (HA; Ethicon Endosurgery, Cincinnati, OH), Harmonic Ace +7 (HA7; Ethicon Endosurgery), LigaSure (LS; Covidien, Mansfield, MA), and Enseal G2 (ES; Ethicon Endosurgery). We used each VSD according to the settings recommended by the manufacturer.
There were three phases to the study methodology, including in vivo dissection, ex vivo testing of bursting pressure, and finally histopathologic examination of vessel seals.
We used 15 Yorkshire pigs (30–35 kg) to evaluate the 5 devices (total 3 pigs per device). The surgeons performing the testing (Z.O. and J.L.) were experienced with all the energy devices. Despite surgeon familiarity, one pig was utilized to train the surgeons on tissue and vessel sealing in the porcine model to mitigate any device-specific learning curve.
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7

Thoracoscopic Lung Biopsy in Horses

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Thoracoscopies were performed on standing sedated horses (detomidine/butorphanol 0.015/0.015 mg/kg IV), restrained in a stock. Large peripheral lung biopsies (>5 cm3) were obtained by means of a cautery device (Ligasure, Covidien) and endoscopic staplers (Endo GIA, Covidien) as described in previous reports65 (link), 66 (link), fixed in PFA for 72 hours, and paraffin-embedded.
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8

Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Technique

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All patients were given the “French” position before surgery, where the primary surgeon stood between the patient’s legs, first assistance stood at the primary surgeon’s right side and second assistance stood at his left side. Five ports were used: First a 10-mm trocar was placed 2 cm to the left of the midline above the umbilicus for optical view, then a 15-mm trocar was placed into the right midclaviculer-line, then a second 10-mm trocar was placed into the left midclavicular-line, afterwards a 5-mm trocar was placed into the sub-xiphoid area as liver retractor and at last a second 5-mm trocar was placed into the left subcostal area to pull the stomach.
The stomach was completely mobilized from the greater omentum side, beginning at the line of incisura angularis by LigaSure™ (Covidien, USA). At first proximal dissection was performed up to the angle of His, distal dissection was performed until to the pylorus. Then a 36 F bougie was inserted by the anesthesiology team along the lesser curvature of the stomach. Antral resection was started 2–4 cm from the pylorus and continued up to 0.5–1 cm medial to the angle of His. Hemostasis was checked and provided by Endoclips™ (Covidien, USA). Possible leakage was checked with methylene blue in saline given through the bougie.
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9

Intraoperative Liver Resection Protocol

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In all patients, we performed a thoroughly intraoperative restaging ultrasound (US) (MyLab™70 XVG, Esaote Platform, Italy). A contrast-enhanced US (So-noVue, Bracco, Italy) was realized in the cases of doubtful or isoechoic lesions.
Liver transection was generally realized with the complementary use of Cavitron US surgical aspirator (CUSA, Tyco Healthcare, USA) and LigaSure (Covidien, UK). Low central venous pressure (< 4 mmHg) was maintained during the transection phase to minimize venous bleeding; intermittent pedicle clamping (Pringle maneuver) was used on demand. Low-intensity radiofrequency (TissueLink, Medical Inc., USA) was used to cauterize the parenchymal transection surface.
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10

Robotic and Laparoscopic Pancreatic Distal Resection

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The operative technique at our institution has been described in detail previously.5 (link),16 (link)-18 (link, link) Briefly, at present, RDP was performed using three robotic arms (2 left, 1 right) and the robotic camera system (Da Vinci Si, Intuitive Surgical). The robotic instruments used included a combination of some of the following instruments: Harmonic Scalpel, cardiere forceps, fenestrated bipolar, hemolok applicator and large needle driver. The bedside assistant used conventional laparoscopic suckers, bowel graspers and endostaplers via a 12-mm assistant ports placed in the left iliac fossa.
LDP was performed using various laparoscopic energy devices over the study period depending on the individual surgeon preference including the Harmonic Scalpel (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, OH, USA), ENSEAL (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, OH, USA), LigaSure (Covidien, Boulder, CO, USA) or Thunderbeat (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). In general, dissection of the pancreas proceeded from the medial to lateral position in most cases except for distal lesions in the pancreatic tail. Endoscopic staplers were used to transect the pancreas and in selected cases these were reinforced with sutures.
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