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Graphite flake

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Graphite flakes are a form of pure carbon material. They are characterized by their thin, flat, and layered structure. Graphite flakes are known for their high thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as their high thermal and chemical stability. These properties make graphite flakes a versatile material for various industrial and scientific applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (8 mentions) Hydrogen peroxide h2o2, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Potassium permanganate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Potassium permanganate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Urea, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Sulfuric acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) H2so4, by Merck Group (3 mentions) L ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sodium nitrate nano3, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Ethanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Dextrose d glucose, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Citric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) N 3 dimethylaminopropyl n ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions) N hydroxysuccinimide, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Chitosan, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Kmno4, by Merck Group (2 mentions)

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Natural graphite flakes (2 citations)

29 protocols using graphite flake

1

Breast Cancer BRCA Gene DNA Sensor

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All the oligonucleotides were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies. The base sequences used in this study are based on the sequence of Breast Cancer genes (BRCA) [29 (link)]:19-mer, Target ssDNA: 5′-GAA CAA AAG GAA GAA AAT C-3′. Meanwhile, 25-mer, 5′-GAT TTT CTT CCT TTT GTT CTT TTT T-3′-NH2, was chosen as Capture ssDNA. The additional bases—TT TTT T—in the 25 mer works as a flexible linker. Because Target ssDNA is short and relatively rigid. The additional bases of Capture ssDNA could be relatively easier to bond on the surface of CDs; and make the DNA hybridization during the DNA detection more efficiently [28 (link)]. On the other hand, other mutant genes were chosen for evaluating the selectivity of the DNA sensor, e.g., 19-mer, 3-base Mismatched ssDNA: 5′-GAA CCA AAT TAA GAA AAT C-3′; 19-mer, Non-base Matched ssDNA: 5′-CTG TTC GCC TGC CGT GGC T-3′. Graphite flake was purchased from Alfa Aesar. N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was purchased from Fluka. N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate, hydrochloric acid, citric, and urea were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Zhang Y., Song J., Yang S., Ouyang J, & Zhang J. (2022). Carbon Nanostructure-Based DNA Sensor Used for Quickly Detecting Breast Cancer-Associated Genes. Nanoscale Research Letters, 17, 93.
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2

Electrochemical Sensor Fabrication and Materials

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Graphite flake and silver nitrate were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sodium nitrate, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, multiwalled CNTs, TTF, citric acid, chloroplatinic acid, sodium borohydride, ammonium chloride, nickel chloride, copper acetate, iron(III) chloride, copper acetate, zinc nitrate, Nafion perfluorinated resin solution (5%), sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, sodium bisulfite, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), F127, nonactin, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), CS, PDMS, aniline, and platinum carbon black (Pt/C) (0.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, sodium chloride, disodium phosphate, urea, and dextrose (D-glucose) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. MDB was purchased from Combi- Blocks Inc. Lactate oxidase (106 U mg−1) was purchase from Toyobo Co. The CNT film and Ni substrate (h-Ni) were purchased from NTL Inc. and MXBaoheng Products, respectively. Medical tapes were purchased from Adhesives Research. PIs (PI-2611 and PI-2610) were purchased from HD MicroSystems Inc. Silver conductive paint was purchased from Structure Probe, Inc. (SPI supplies).
Yu Y., Nassar J., Xu C., Min J., Yang Y., Dai A., Doshi R., Huang A., Song Y., Gehlhar R., Ames A.D, & Gao W. (2020). Biofuel-powered soft electronic skin with multiplexed and wireless sensing for human-machine interfaces. Science robotics, 5(41), eaaz7946.
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3

Lactoferrin Aptamer Biosensor Development

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Citric acid (251,275), urea (U5128), PBS Tablet (524,650), N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (03450), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (130,672), lactoferrin from bovine colostrum (L4765), glucose oxidase from aspergillus niger (G7141), concanavalin A-peroxidase from Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) (L6397), β-casein from bovine milk (C6905), lysozyme human (L1667), bovine serum albumin (B4287), potassium permanganate (223,468) and hydrochloric acid (320,331) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Graphite flake (43,209) used for fabricating GONSs was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sulphuric acid and magnesium chloride (105,672) were purchased from Caledon Laboratory Chemicals. The lactoferrin aptamer was purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies31 (link),36 (link).
Zhang Y., Yan P., Tang H, & Zhang J. (2023). Rapid detection of tear lactoferrin for diagnosis of dry eyes by using fluorescence polarization-based aptasensor. Scientific Reports, 13, 15179.
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4

Electrochemical Biosensor Development

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SBS, PEG, BSA, chitosan, carbachol, PU, PANI (emeraldine base), gelatin, GOx (from Aspergillus niger), and AOx (from Pichia pastoris, 10 to 40 U/mg of protein) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Graphite flake, agarose, PVA, and UA were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Toluene, dextrose (d-glucose), sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [30% (w/v)], sulfuric acid (H2SO4), dimethylformamide (DMF), potassium chloride (KCl), 10× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), ethanol, lithium fluoride (LiF), and iron (III) ferrocyanide (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Potassium ferricyanide (III) (K3Fe(CN)6) and agarose were purchased from Acros Organics. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was purchased from VWR. Silver (Ag) paint was purchased from SPI Supplies. MAX phase powder was purchased from Jilin 11 Technology. Multiwalled CNT was purchased from Beijing Boyu Co. (China). CB was purchased from MTI Corp. PDMS (SYLGARD 184) was purchased from Dow Corning.
Song Y., Tay R.Y., Li J., Xu C., Min J., Shirzaei Sani E., Kim G., Heng W., Kim I, & Gao W. (2023). 3D-printed epifluidic electronic skin for machine learning–powered multimodal health surveillance. Science Advances, 9(37), eadi6492.
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5

Bovine Colostrum-Derived Lactoferrin Aptamer Design

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Citric acid (251275), urea (U5128),
phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) tablet (524650), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide
hydrochloride (03450), N-hydroxysuccinimide (130672),
LF from bovine colostrum (L4765), glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger (G7141), concanavalin A-peroxidase
from Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean)
(L6397), β-casein from bovine milk (C6905), lysozyme human (L1667),
bovine serum albumin (B4287), potassium permanganate (223468), hydrochloric
acid (320331), and artificial saliva for pharmaceutical research with
pH = 6.8 (SAE0149) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sulfuric acid
was purchased from Caledon Laboratory Chemicals. Graphite flake (43209)
was purchased from Alfa Aesar. The LF aptamer with amino modification
on the 5′-end was purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies.
The sequence used in this study is /5AmMC12/AG GCA GGA CAC CGT AAC
CGG TGC ATC TAT GGC TAC TAG CTC TTC CTG CCT.24 (link)
Zhang Y, & Zhang J. (2022). Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Aptasensor Made of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Detecting Lactoferrin at Low Concentrations. ACS Omega, 7(42), 37964-37970.
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide

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All the materials implemented in this research are reagent-grade materials obtained from commercial sources without further purification. The graphite flake was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Tewksbury, MA, USA). KMnO4, H2SO4, and H2O2 were obtained from Merck (Burlington, MA, USA).
Castro J.I., Payan-Valero A., Valencia-Llano C.H., Insuasty D., Rodríguez Macias J.D., Ordoñez A., Valencia Zapata M.E., Mina Hernández J.H, & Grande-Tovar C.D. (2024). Evaluation of the Antibacterial, Anti-Cervical Cancer Capacity, and Biocompatibility of Different Graphene Oxides. Molecules, 29(2), 281.
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7

Electrochemical Characterization of AP

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Graphite flake (nature, 325 mesh) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Arg (L-arginine), L-ascorbic acid, and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) salt were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. AP was obtained from Fisher Scientific. All solutions were prepared with doubly distilled water. A 100 μMmol/L AP stock solution was prepared with PBS buffer and kept in darkness at 4 C°.
Electrochemical measurements were performed on a CHI 660D workstation (CH instruments, USA) and Versastat 3 station (Princeton Applied Research, USA). The morphology of the samples was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G2F30, FEI, USA). Ultraviolet visible (UV) spectra were obtained from a UV-2102 (Unico) UV-vis spectrophotometers. Fluorescence spectra were obtained from J-1500 circular dichroism (CD) Spectrometer (Jasco Inc., USA).
Zhang Y., Huang Z., Wang L., Wang C., Zhang C., Wiese T., Wang G., Riley K, & Wang Z. (2018). Point-of-Care Determination of Acetaminophen Levels with Multi-Hydrogen Bond Manipulated Single-Molecule Recognition (eMuHSiR). Analytical chemistry, 90(7), 4733-4740.
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8

Modified Hummers Method for Graphene Oxide

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To synthesize GO, we used the well-known modified Hummers method [22 (link)]. First, 0.5 g of graphite flakes (graphite flake, Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, USA, ~325 mesh) were mixed with 20 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, Daejung Chemicals, Siheung-si, Republic of Korea) in an Erlenmeyer flask. Then, 1.65 g of potassium permanganate (KMnO4, Daejung Chemicals, Siheung-si, Republic of Korea) was slowly added into these mixtures while stirring at 300 rpm for 10 min. The temperature of the mixture was maintained at 35 °C for 2 h. After stirring for 2 h, the temperature was let to drop below 10 °C, and 300 mL of DI water was added to the flask extremely slowly. Finally, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, Daejung Chemicals, Siheung-si, Republic of Korea) was added to the flask until the solution turned yellow. The synthesized GO solution was washed with 10% hydrochloric acid and 50 mL of DI water. The filtered GO was dried in a convection oven at 60 °C for 1 day.
Choi J., Park S.G., Choi Y.J., Baek S.M., Kim H.J., Kim Y., Im K.S, & An S.J. (2022). Viscosity-Controllable Graphene Oxide Colloids Using Electrophoretically Deposited Graphene Oxide Sheets. Micromachines, 13(12), 2157.
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9

Synthesis and Characterization of TMC Polymer

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TMC Monomer was kindly provided by Huizhou Foryou Medical Devices. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, ammonium persulfate, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide solution, 2-chloroethanol, sodium azide, Tin(II)-2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct) 2 ), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, The Netherlands. Graphite flake (natural, -325 mesh) was acquired from Alfa Aesar, Germany. Diethyl ether, acetone, toluene, dimethylformamide (DMF), chloroform and dichloromethane (DCM) were bought from VWR Chemicals, Germany. N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) was purchased from Merck, Germany. Homemade azido ethanol was synthesized by reacting 2-chloroethanol and sodium azide according to previous study [26] (link). All the reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification unless otherwise stated.
Guo Z., Liang J., Poot A.A., Grijpma D.W, & Chen H. (2019). Fabrication of poly (trimethylene carbonate)/reduced graphene oxide-graft-poly (trimethylene carbonate) composite scaffolds for nerve regeneration. Biomedical materials (Bristol, England), 14(2).
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10

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Phthalocyanine

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Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (37%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (50%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) (98%), 125 mm filter paper (grade-1), acetone (CH3COCH3) and ortho-phosphoric acid (H3PO4) (84%) were obtained from Merck (India). Phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hydrazine monohydrate (N2H4·H2O) (98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (India). Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) (MW = 577.91 g mol−1; dye content 97%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Graphite flakes (99.99%) were obtained from Alfa Aesar (India). Indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates were procured from Macwin (India). The ITO-coated glass substrates were cut into 1 × 1 cm2 pieces and served as the substrate for the ZnPc deposits. Luria–Bertani (LB) medium was purchased from Himedia (India). Parafilm wax paper was obtained from Tarsons (India). The aforementioned chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. Milli-Q grade water was used in the experiments.
Das N.M., Singh A.K., Ghosh D, & Bandyopadhyay D. (2019). Graphene oxide nanohybrids for electron transfer-mediated antimicrobial activity. Nanoscale Advances, 1(9), 3727-3740.
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