β propiolactone

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in Belgium

β-propiolactone is a colorless, volatile liquid chemical compound. It has the molecular formula C3H4O2. β-propiolactone is primarily used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent in various industrial and laboratory applications.

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11 protocols using β propiolactone

Preparation and Characterization of Influenza Virus Vaccine Antigens

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WIV vaccines of H1N1/1934, H1N1/1999, and H1N1/2009 influenza virus strains were prepared by overnight incubation of the virus strains with 0.1% v/v β propiolactone (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) under continuous rotation at 4°C. The WIV was then dialyzed against 4- (2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-buffered saline (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bleiswijk, the Netherlands) at 4°C overnight to remove β-propiolactone. Inactivation of the viruses was confirmed by inoculating Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and assessing virus replication with hemagglutination assay (20 (link)). Subunit vaccines of H1N1/1934, H1N1/1999, and H1N1/2009 were prepared from their respective WIV as described before (21 (link)). The preparations, consisting mainly of hemagglutinin (HA), were used for coating enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. Neuraminidase (NA) and cH9/1 proteins were prepared using the baculovirus expression system. The cH9/1 protein contains the HA stalk from H1N1/2009 and the HA head from the unrelated A/guinea fowl/Hong Kong/WF10/99 (H9N2) virus (22 (link), 23 (link)). The total protein concentration of WIV and surface proteins was determined with the micro-Lowry assay (19 (link)).

Beukema M., Gong S., Al-Jaawni K., de Vries-Idema J.J., Krammer F., Zhou F., Cox R.J, & Huckriede A. (2023). Prolonging the delivery of influenza virus vaccine improves the quantity and quality of the induced immune responses in mice. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1249902.

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Inactivation of Influenza Virus PR/8/34

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A high-titered (10^9 pfu/ml), chicken egg-grown stock of PR/8/34 was treated for 24 h with 0.1% β-propiolactone (Acros Organics) at room temperature, followed by dialysis for 24 h against HNE buffer (5 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) at 4° C.

David P., Drabczyk-Pluta M., Pastille E., Knuschke T., Werner T., Honke N., Megger D.A., Akhmetzyanova I., Shaabani N., Eyking-Singer A., Cario E., Kershaw O., Gruber A.D., Tenbusch M., Dietze K.K., Trilling M., Liu J., Schadendorf D., Streeck H., Lang K.S., Xie Y., Zimmer L., Sitek B., Paschen A., Westendorf A.M., Dittmer U, & Zelinskyy G. (2020). Combination immunotherapy with anti-PD-L1 antibody and depletion of regulatory T cells during acute viral infections results in improved virus control but lethal immunopathology. PLoS Pathogens, 16(3), e1008340.

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Preparation and Characterization of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine

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NIBRG-121, a vaccine strain derived from A/California/7/2009 H1N1pdm09 virus obtained from NIBSC (Potters Bay, UK), was grown on embryonated chicken eggs as described previously (Audouy et al., 2011 (link)). The virus was inactivated by overnight treatment with 0.1% β-propiolactone (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) in citrate buffer (125 mM sodium citrate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 8.2) at 4 °C to produce whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine (WIV). After inactivation, WIV was dialyzed against HNE buffer (145 mM NaCl, 5 mM Hepes, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, and sterilized by autoclaving) to completely remove β-propiolactone. Inactivation was verified by inoculating WIV with Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and the readout was done by hemagglutination assay as described before (Audouy et al., 2011 (link)). The protein concentration of the obtained WIV preparation was determined by micro-Lowry assay. The vaccine dose was based on hemagglutinin (HA) content which was assumed to be 1/3rd of the total viral protein weight as described previously (Patil et al., 2014 (link)).
For the challenge study, a clinical isolate of A/California/2009 (E9-6714) provided by the Department of Clinical Virology, UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands was used. This virus was grown in MDCK cells and titrated in cotton rats. This virus will be termed as A/Cal/2009 in the following sections.

Bhide Y., Tomar J., Dong W., de Vries-Idema J., Frijlink H.W., Huckriede A, & Hinrichs W.L. (2018). Pulmonary delivery of influenza vaccine formulations in cotton rats: site of deposition plays a minor role in the protective efficacy against clinical isolate of H1N1pdm virus. Drug Delivery, 25(1), 533-545.

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Influenza Vaccine Strain Production and Characterization

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NIBRG‐121, a vaccine strain produced from the A/California/7/2009 virus, was obtained from NIBSC (Potters Bay, UK) and grown in embryonated chicken eggs followed by purification using sucrose gradient centrifugation. The virus was inactivated by overnight treatment with 0.1% β‐propiolactone (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) in citrate buffer (125 mM sodium citrate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 8.2) at 4°C to produce WIV vaccine. Inactivation was followed by dialysis against HNE buffer (145 mM NaCl, 5 mM HEPES, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, sterilized by autoclaving). Inactivation of the virus was verified by inoculation of MDCK cells and the amount of protein was determined by micro‐Lowry assay.
A clinical isolate of H1N1pdm (isolate E9‐6714) was provided by the Department of Clinical Virology, UMCG. The virus, to be called A/Cal/Gro in the following, was diagnosed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as being similar to A/California/7/2009 virus. The virus was further amplified on MDCK cells, titrated in cotton rats and was used as challenge virus. Virus titer was determined by TCID50 titration.¹⁹ Whole inactivated A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and the X‐31 (H3N2, reassortant strain of A/Aichi/68 and A/PR/8/34 viruses) used for determination of cross‐reactive immunoglobulin (IgG) enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were kindly provided by NIBSC.

Bhide Y., Dong W., Meijerhof T., de Vries‐Idema J., Niesters H.G, & Huckriede A. (2020). Characterization of humoral immune responses and degree of protection induced by influenza vaccine in cotton rats: Effects of low vaccine dose and single vs booster vaccination. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, 8(3), 279-291.

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Influenza A Virus Inactivation and Recombinant Vector Preparation

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LPAI virus (A/Turkey/England/1977/H7N7) was grown in embryonated chicken eggs using standard methods described elsewhere (World Health Organization. Dept. of Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response., 2002 ). Viral titer was estimated by plaque assay on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, using standard techniques (Gaush and Smith, 1968 (link)).
Virus was inactivated in a final concentration of 0.094% β-propiolactone (ACROS Organics, Geel, Belgium), as described previously (Jonges et al., 2010 (link)) and aliquots were stored at − 80 °C until its use. Inactivation was verified by the absence of plaques on MDCK cells. Recombinant Fowlpox virus (rFPV) vectors expressing NP and M1 transgenes from avian influenza A/Turkey/Turkey/1/2005 (H5N1) or GFP were the kind gift of Dr. Mike Skinner (Imperial College). Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing a fusion protein of nucleoprotein and matrix protein 1 (MVA-NpM1) from influenza A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) was supplied by the Vector Core Facility at the Jenner Institute (Oxford, UK) (Berthoud et al., 2011 (link)).

Ruiz-Hernandez R., Peroval M., Boyd A., Balkissoon D., Staines K., Smith A, & Butter C. (2015). An infected chicken kidney cell co-culture ELISpot for enhanced detection of T cell responses to avian influenza and vaccination. Journal of Immunological Methods, 416, 40-48.

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Inactivation and Purification of Live Virus

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Live virus was inactivated by an overnight treatment of 0.1% β-propiolactone (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) in citrate buffer (125 mM sodium citrate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 8.2) at 4 °C. Then, inactivated virus was dialyzed overnight against Hepes buffer (145 mM NaCl, 5 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, sterilized by autoclaving) to completely remove β-propiolactone. Protein content of the WIV preparation was determined by micro-Lowry assay and hemagglutinin (HA) was assumed to be 1/3rd of the total protein content of the inactivated virus [12 (link)].

Tomar J., Patil H.P., Bracho G., Tonnis W.F., Frijlink H.W., Petrovsky N., Vanbever R., Huckriede A, & Hinrichs W.L. (2018). Advax augments B and T cell responses upon influenza vaccination via the respiratory tract and enables complete protection of mice against lethal influenza virus challenge. Journal of Controlled Release, 288, 199-211.

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Influenza Vaccine Characterization

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Egg-derived influenza A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) virus (A/Pan) and SU vaccine produced from this strain were kindly provided by Solvay Biologicals (Weesp, Netherlands). WIV vaccine was produced by incubation of the active virus (AV) with 0.1% β-propiolactone (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) in sodium citrate buffer (125 mM sodiumcitrate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 8.2) for 24 hours at RT under continuous stirring. After inactivation, the virus was dialysed against Hepes-buffered saline containing 0.1 mM EDTA (HNE buffer). This inactivation procedure was performed twice. Protein content in AV, WIV and SU was determined by Lowry assay [15 (link)]. HA content was assumed to be one third of the total viral protein for WIV (based on the known protein composition of influenza particles and the molecular weight of the viral proteins) and to be equal to the total protein for SU. Equal HA amounts in the vaccine preparations were verified by SDS page. RT-qPCR was performed to determine the RNA content of the vaccines using primers specific for the NP- and the M1-encoding segment. Residual RNA in SU was found to be about 0.5% of the RNA present in AV and in WIV (starting material normalized on basis of HA content).

Stoel M., Pool J., de Vries-Idema J., Zaaraoui-Boutahar F., Bijl M., Andeweg A.C., Wilschut J, & Huckriede A. (2015). Innate Responses Induced by Whole Inactivated Virus or Subunit Influenza Vaccines in Cultured Dendritic Cells Correlate with Immune Responses In Vivo. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0125228.

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ELISA for Inactivated Sample Detection

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ELISA was performed according to the protocol described in section 2.3.3, with the following modifications. Briefly, ELISA plates were coated with 10 μg/ml of a combination of 3F6 and 1B10 MAbs. After washing and blocking, 100 μL of positive samples, which were inactivated previously by different methods, were diluted at a ratio of 3:1 in antigen extraction buffer comprising of 100 mM Tris-HCL, 800 mM NaCl, Triton X-100 4% (v/v), and BSA 1% (w/v) [23 (link)], and then applied into the ELISA plates. Five positive samples were divided into three separate aliquots and either inactivated as follows: 30 min at 60 °C (heat-inactivation), β-Propiolactone (Alfa Aesar; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc)(βPL)-inactivation [24 (link)], or employed with no treatment. After adding the secondary biotin-labeled MAbs and streptavidin-HRP, color development was performed as described in section 2.3.3.

Yadegari H., Mohammadi M., Maghsood F., Ghorbani A., Bahadori T., Golsaz-Shirazi F., Zarnani A.H., Salimi V., Jeddi-Tehrani M., Amiri M.M, & Shokri F. (2023). Diagnostic performance of a novel antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Analytical Biochemistry, 666, 115079.

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Inactivated FCV Vaccine Potency Evaluation

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FCVs were propagated in CRFK cells and were inactivated with 1.0% β-propiolactone (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA) for 8 h. Fifteen 6-week-old BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into five groups. Each group with 3 mice were immunized subcutaneously with condensed FCV-inactivated cell cultures mixed with Freund’s complete adjuvant and the commercial triple-inactivated vaccine (Zoetis), respectively, followed by two booster immunizations. The mice in the negative control group were inoculated with cell culture medium with Freund’s complete adjuvant. The serum virus neutralization assays were performed as follows: the sera were diluted 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, 1:256, 1:512, 1:1024, and 1:2048 by DMEM. The diluted sera were mixed with equal volumes of different FCV isolates (200TCID₅₀) or commercial vaccine and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. Then, the antibody–virus mixture was inoculated into CRFK monolayer cells, and the neutralizing antibody titers were obtained based on the estimation of 50% virus infection in cells as end points.

Zhou L., Fu N., Ding L., Li Y., Huang J., Sha X., Zhou Q., Song X, & Zhang B. (2021). Molecular Characterization and Cross-Reactivity of Feline Calicivirus Circulating in Southwestern China. Viruses, 13(9), 1812.

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Electrochemical Characterization of Redox Probes

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Unless otherwise mentioned, all materials were used as received. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 99.0 %), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 50wt%), anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, ≥99.9%), potassium ferrocyanide (K₄[Fe(CN)₆], ≥98.5%), potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆], ≥99%), and potassium chloride (KCl, ≥99.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. β-propiolactone (95%) and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄, ≥99.5%) were received from Alfa Aesar and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, >99.0%), pyrrole (99%) and 3-dimethylaminopropylchloride hydrochloride (98%) were purchased from TCI. Methanol (MeOH, ≥99.8%) and diethyl ether (99.0%) were ordered from VWR. D₂O and CDCl₃ were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (USA). Carbon (Cat. #C110) and gold screen printed (Cat. #220 AT) electrodes were purchased from Metrohm DropSens (Spain). Both electrode types have the same dimensions: 3.4 × 1.0 × 0.05 cm³ (length × width × height). Reaction mixtures were purified using a Biotage SNAP Bio C18 25 μm 60 g on a Biotage Isolera with a gradient composed of water and methanol for reversed-phase chromatography. In all cases, water refers to MilliQ water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹ at 25 °C. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AC-400 MHz spectrometer. Electrospray ionization mass spectra were recorded using a Waters 3100 Mass Detector.

Kilic T., Gessner I., Cho Y., Jeong N., Quintana J., Weissleder R, & Lee H. (2022). Zwitterionic polymer electroplating facilitates the preparation of electrode surface for biosensing. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 34(8), e2107892.

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