D max ultima

The crystallinity of Hydroxyapatite calcinated powders was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis was performed on calcined powders using a D-Max/Ultima diffractometer (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). The particles crystallite size (D) was calculated from the Scherrer equation applied to the diffractogram (Sanosh et al., 2009 (link)):
where λ is the wavelength (Cu Kα), β is the full width at the half-maximum of the HA (2 1 1) line and θ is the diffraction angle. The percentage of secondary phases in HA-Mg powder was evaluated according to the following equation (Sanosh et al., 2009 (link)):
were I₁ and I₂ represent the intensity of highest peaks present in secondary phases while I_HA is the intensity of the highest peak of HA.

The micro-structural properties and morphologies of the synthesized products were observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/MAX-Ultima, Cu Kα source, 2° min⁻¹ scanning rate and the scanning angle from 10° to 80° as well as the power was 40 kV and 40 mA, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan), scanning electron microscopy (SEM, ZEISS Gemini 500, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM-3200FS, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEM-2100F, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Besides, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis were carried out using XPS, ESCALAB 250XI, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA and BET, ASAP2010C instrument, Norcross GA, USA, respectively.