E resveratrol

Gallic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, and ellagic acids, catechin, epicatechin, (E)-resveratrol, (E)-ε-viniferin, (E)-piceatannol, eriodictyol, taxifolin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Gallic acid and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside were acquired from Extrasynthèse (Genay, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France). Isohopeaphenol and hopeaphenol were kindly given by the research group of Prof. Dr. Peter Winterhalter (Institute of Food Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany). Light exposure was avoided when manipulating the standards.
HPLC-grade acetonitrile, formic acid, ethanol, and water were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany). Ultrapure water was generated by a Milli-Q water purification system Millipore (Bedford, Massachusetts, USA). Potable ethanol (96%) from molasses employed for pilot-plant scale extraction was purchased from Oxiquim S.A. (Coronel, Concepción, Chile).
Hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD, Kleptose^®, HP oral grade) was purchased from Roquette Frères (Lestrem, Lillers, France). Maltodextrin (MD) (dextrose equivalent 16.5–19.5) was obtained from Merck KGaA, (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany).

Acetonitrile, formic acid, water, and ethanol were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All solvents were of HPLC grade. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
Gallic, ellagic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (E)-resveratrol, (E)-piceatannol, quercetin-O-glucoside, and (E)-ε-viniferin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Epicatechin gallate was acquired from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France). All standards were handled without exposure to light.

Acetonitrile and ethanol were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Courtaboeuf, France). A Millipore Milli-Q system (Merck Millipore, Molsheim, Germany) provided ultrapure water. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, E-Resveratrol, E-piceatannol, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, E-piceid, astilbin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); E-ε-viniferin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France) and E-miyabenol C from Ambinter (Paris, France). Pallidol and E-δ-viniferin were graciously provided by Mary-Lorène Goddard (EA-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, Colmar, France). Z/E-vitisin B, ampelopsin A and hopeaphenol were purified from grape canes as previously described [37 (link)]. The 2,2′-Azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (ABAP), fluorescein, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), potassium persulfate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), Iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃), copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂), 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine) and 3-(2-Pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-p,p′-disulfonic acid monosodium salt hydrate (ferrozine) were obtained from (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France).

Our study’s chemicals, reagents, and standards were of analytical grade. Usnic acid standard 98.1% purity, phenolic standards (Z-resveratrol, caffeic acid, E-resveratrol, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillin, 3-methyl gallic acid, cinnamic acid) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH., Taufkirchen, Germany). Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent, Pyrogallol, DPPH, acetone, and ethanol were supplied by Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
The bacterial lines were obtained from Microbiology Department, S.C. Synevo Romania SRL, Constanta Laboratory, in partnership agreement No 1060/25.01.2018 with the Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta. Culture media Mueller–Hinton agar simple and one with 5% defibrinated sheep blood were supplied by Thermo Fisher Scientific, GmbH, Dreieich, Germany.

Gallic acid (1), caffeic acid (2), E-resveratrol (3), E-piceatannol (4), catechin (5), epicatechin (6), gallocatechin (7), E-piceid (8), astilbin (10), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (16), and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (23) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich standards (St. Louis, MI, USA). Procyanidins B1 (24), B2 (25), and B3 (27) were purchased from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France). E-ε-viniferin (13), E-δ-viniferin (15), ampelopsin A (17), E-miyabenol C (32), hopeaphenol (36), isohopeaphenol (37), and Z/E-vitisin B (41) were obtained as previously described [2 (link)]. Acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Courtaboeuf, France). Ultra-pure water was prepared with a Milli-Q water purification system (Merck Millipore, Molsheim, France).